【小呆的力学笔记】弹塑性力学的初步认知二:应力分析(1)

发布时间:2023年12月20日

1.1 一点的应力状态

物体在受到外力或者自身不均匀的温度场等作用时,在其内部会产生内力,物体的内力与方向和截面都有关系。假设有一个受到外力作用的变形体,被一个平面截成A、B两个部分,B部分对A部分施加有作用力,在该截面上的dS微小面积上,作用力为dP,那么我们成dP与dS的比例极限为应力,如下式
σ = lim ? Δ S → 0 d P d S (1) \boldsymbol\sigma=\lim_{\Delta S\to0} \frac{d\mathbf P}{dS}\tag{1} σ=ΔS0lim?dSdP?(1)
上式黑体表明是方向相关量。
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应力是有方向,我们规定垂直于截面的分量成为正应力,平行于截面的分量为剪应力。
为了分析一点的应力状态,从物体内任一点取一微小的四面体单元,如下图。其中 σ x x \sigma_{xx} σxx? σ y y \sigma_{yy} σyy? σ z z \sigma_{zz} σzz?为正应力, τ x y \tau_{xy} τxy? τ x z \tau_{xz} τxz? τ y z \tau_{yz} τyz? τ y x \tau_{yx} τyx? τ z x \tau_{zx} τzx? τ z y \tau_{zy} τzy?为剪应力,在很多时候我们借鉴矩阵的应用,将这些分量放在一起来表示一点的应力状态,比如如下形式。(实际上,更方便的表示一点的应力状态就是应力张量,后面在专门学习张量的时候引入张量的概念和计算,应力张量是二阶张量,具有矩阵的显像化形式)
写成矩阵形式,如下式
[ σ x x τ x y τ x z τ y x σ y y τ y z τ z x τ z y σ z z ] \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{xx} & \tau_{xy} & \tau_{xz}\\ \tau_{yx} & \sigma_{yy} & \tau_{yz}\\ \tau_{zx} & \tau_{zy} & \sigma_{zz} \end{bmatrix} ?σxx?τyx?τzx??τxy?σyy?τzy??τxz?τyz?σzz?? ?
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1.2 一点主应力状态

假设该斜面上只有正应力分量,没有剪应力,即四面体的斜面上 σ v \boldsymbol\sigma_{v} σv?为正应力,其中 σ v \boldsymbol\sigma_{v} σv?的应力方向余弦为 ( l , m , n ) (l,m,n) (l,m,n),根据力的平衡,可得下式。
σ x x ? S Δ B O C + τ z x ? S Δ A O B + τ y x ? S Δ A O C = σ v x S Δ A B C σ y y ? S Δ A O C + τ z y ? S Δ A O B + τ x y ? S Δ B O C = σ v y S Δ A B C σ z z ? S Δ A O B + τ y z ? S Δ A O C + τ x z ? S Δ B O C = σ v z S Δ A B C (2) \sigma_{xx}\cdot S_{\Delta BOC}+\tau_{zx}\cdot S_{\Delta AOB}+\tau_{yx}\cdot S_{\Delta AOC}=\sigma_{vx}S_{\Delta ABC}\\ \sigma_{yy}\cdot S_{\Delta AOC}+\tau_{zy}\cdot S_{\Delta AOB}+\tau_{xy}\cdot S_{\Delta BOC}=\sigma_{vy}S_{\Delta ABC}\\ \sigma_{zz}\cdot S_{\Delta AOB}+\tau_{yz}\cdot S_{\Delta AOC}+\tau_{xz}\cdot S_{\Delta BOC}=\sigma_{vz}S_{\Delta ABC}\tag{2} σxx??SΔBOC?+τzx??SΔAOB?+τyx??SΔAOC?=σvx?SΔABC?σyy??SΔAOC?+τzy??SΔAOB?+τxy??SΔBOC?=σvy?SΔABC?σzz??SΔAOB?+τyz??SΔAOC?+τxz??SΔBOC?=σvz?SΔABC?(2)
其中
S Δ A O C = 1 2 d x d z = S Δ A B C ? m S Δ A O B = 1 2 d x d y = S Δ A B C ? n S Δ B O C = 1 2 d y d z = S Δ A B C ? l (3) S_{\Delta AOC}=\frac{1}{2}dxdz=S_{\Delta ABC}\cdot m\\ S_{\Delta AOB}=\frac{1}{2}dxdy=S_{\Delta ABC}\cdot n\\ S_{\Delta BOC}=\frac{1}{2}dydz=S_{\Delta ABC}\cdot l \tag{3} SΔAOC?=21?dxdz=SΔABC??mSΔAOB?=21?dxdy=SΔABC??nSΔBOC?=21?dydz=SΔABC??l(3)
那么力平衡方程改为
σ x x ? l + τ z x ? n + τ y x ? m = σ v x = σ v l σ y y ? m + τ z y ? n + τ x y ? l = σ v y = σ v m σ z z ? n + τ y z ? m + τ x z ? l = σ v z = σ v n (4) \sigma_{xx}\cdot l+\tau_{zx}\cdot n+\tau_{yx}\cdot m=\sigma_{vx}=\sigma_{v}l\\ \sigma_{yy}\cdot m+\tau_{zy}\cdot n+\tau_{xy}\cdot l=\sigma_{vy}=\sigma_{v}m\\ \sigma_{zz}\cdot n+\tau_{yz}\cdot m+\tau_{xz}\cdot l=\sigma_{vz}=\sigma_{v}n \tag{4} σxx??l+τzx??n+τyx??m=σvx?=σv?lσyy??m+τzy??n+τxy??l=σvy?=σv?mσzz??n+τyz??m+τxz??l=σvz?=σv?n(4)
合并同类相,将其改为
( σ x x ? σ v ) ? l + τ y x ? m + τ z x ? n = 0 τ x y ? l + ( σ y y ? σ v ) ? m + τ z y ? n = 0 τ x z ? l + τ y z ? m + ( σ z z ? σ v ) ? n = 0 (5) (\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{v})\cdot l+\tau_{yx}\cdot m+\tau_{zx}\cdot n=0\\ \tau_{xy}\cdot l+(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{v})\cdot m+\tau_{zy}\cdot n=0\\ \tau_{xz}\cdot l+\tau_{yz}\cdot m+(\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{v})\cdot n=0 \tag{5} (σxx??σv?)?l+τyx??m+τzx??n=0τxy??l+(σyy??σv?)?m+τzy??n=0τxz??l+τyz??m+(σzz??σv?)?n=0(5)
写成矩阵形式,如下式
[ σ x x ? σ v τ y x τ z x τ x y σ y y ? σ v τ z y τ x z τ y z σ z z ? σ v ] [ l m n ] = [ 0 0 0 ] (6) \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{yx} & \tau_{zx}\\ \tau_{xy} & \sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{zy}\\ \tau_{xz} & \tau_{yz} & \sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{v} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} l \\m \\n \end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\0 \\0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{6} ?σxx??σv?τxy?τxz??τyx?σyy??σv?τyz??τzx?τzy?σzz??σv?? ? ?lmn? ?= ?000? ?(6)
方向余弦存在非零解,那么系数行列式需为零,如下所示。
∣ σ x x ? σ v τ y x τ z x τ x y σ y y ? σ v τ z y τ x z τ y z σ z z ? σ v ∣ = 0 (7) \begin{vmatrix} \sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{yx} & \tau_{zx}\\ \tau_{xy} & \sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{zy}\\ \tau_{xz} & \tau_{yz} & \sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{v} \end{vmatrix}=0 \tag{7} ?σxx??σv?τxy?τxz??τyx?σyy??σv?τyz??τzx?τzy?σzz??σv?? ?=0(7)
将其展开,如下式,并利用剪应力互等关系。
∣ σ x x ? σ v τ y x τ z x τ x y σ y y ? σ v τ z y τ x z τ y z σ z z ? σ v ∣ = ( σ x x ? σ v ) ( σ y y ? σ v ) ( σ z z ? σ v ) + τ y x τ z y τ x z + τ z x τ x y τ y z ? ( σ y y ? σ v ) τ z x τ x z ? ( σ z z ? σ v ) τ y x τ x y ? ( σ x x ? σ v ) τ z y τ y z = σ x x σ y y σ z z ? ( σ x x σ y y + σ x x σ z z + σ y y σ z z ) σ v + ( σ x x + σ y y + σ z z ) σ v 2 ? σ v 3 + 2 τ x z τ x y τ y z + ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) σ v ? σ y y τ x z 2 ? σ z z τ x y 2 ? σ x x τ y z 2 = ? σ v 3 + ( σ x x + σ y y + σ z z ) σ v 2 + ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ? σ x x σ y y ? σ x x σ z z ? σ y y σ z z ) σ v + σ x x σ y y σ z z + 2 τ x z τ x y τ y z ? σ y y τ x z 2 ? σ z z τ x y 2 ? σ x x τ y z 2 = ? σ v 3 + I 1 σ v 2 + I 2 σ v + I 3 (8) \begin{aligned} \begin{vmatrix} \sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{yx} & \tau_{zx}\\ \tau_{xy} & \sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{zy}\\ \tau_{xz} & \tau_{yz} & \sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{v} \end{vmatrix}=&(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{v})(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{v})(\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{v})+\tau_{yx}\tau_{zy}\tau_{xz}+\tau_{zx}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}\\ &-(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{v})\tau_{zx}\tau_{xz}-(\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{v})\tau_{yx}\tau_{xy}-(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{v})\tau_{zy}\tau_{yz}\\ =&\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz}-(\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{zz}+\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz})\sigma_{v}+(\sigma_{xx}+\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{zz})\sigma_{v}^2\\ &-\sigma_{v}^3+2\tau_{xz}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}+(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)\sigma_{v}-\sigma_{yy}\tau_{xz}^2-\sigma_{zz}\tau_{xy}^2-\sigma_{xx}\tau_{yz}^2\\ =&-\sigma_{v}^3+(\sigma_{xx}+\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{zz})\sigma_{v}^2+\\ &(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2-\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz})\sigma_{v}+\\ &\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz}+2\tau_{xz}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}-\sigma_{yy}\tau_{xz}^2-\sigma_{zz}\tau_{xy}^2-\sigma_{xx}\tau_{yz}^2\\ =&-\sigma_{v}^3+I_1\sigma_{v}^2+I_2\sigma_{v}+I_3 \end{aligned}\tag{8} ?σxx??σv?τxy?τxz??τyx?σyy??σv?τyz??τzx?τzy?σzz??σv?? ?====?(σxx??σv?)(σyy??σv?)(σzz??σv?)+τyx?τzy?τxz?+τzx?τxy?τyz??(σyy??σv?)τzx?τxz??(σzz??σv?)τyx?τxy??(σxx??σv?)τzy?τyz?σxx?σyy?σzz??(σxx?σyy?+σxx?σzz?+σyy?σzz?)σv?+(σxx?+σyy?+σzz?)σv2??σv3?+2τxz?τxy?τyz?+(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)σv??σyy?τxz2??σzz?τxy2??σxx?τyz2??σv3?+(σxx?+σyy?+σzz?)σv2?+(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2??σxx?σyy??σxx?σzz??σyy?σzz?)σv?+σxx?σyy?σzz?+2τxz?τxy?τyz??σyy?τxz2??σzz?τxy2??σxx?τyz2??σv3?+I1?σv2?+I2?σv?+I3??(8)

其中 I 1 I_1 I1? I 2 I_2 I2? I 3 I_3 I3?成为应力不变量,如下所示。
I 1 = σ x x + σ y y + σ z z = t r [ σ ] I 2 = τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ? σ x x σ y y ? σ x x σ z z ? σ y y σ z z I 3 = σ x x σ y y σ z z + 2 τ x z τ x y τ y z ? σ y y τ x z 2 ? σ z z τ x y 2 ? σ x x τ y z 2 = ∣ σ ∣ (9) I_1=\sigma_{xx}+\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{zz}=tr[\boldsymbol \sigma]\\ I_2=\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2-\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz}\\ I_3=\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz}+2\tau_{xz}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}-\sigma_{yy}\tau_{xz}^2-\sigma_{zz}\tau_{xy}^2-\sigma_{xx}\tau_{yz}^2=|\boldsymbol \sigma| \tag{9} I1?=σxx?+σyy?+σzz?=tr[σ]I2?=τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2??σxx?σyy??σxx?σzz??σyy?σzz?I3?=σxx?σyy?σzz?+2τxz?τxy?τyz??σyy?τxz2??σzz?τxy2??σxx?τyz2?=σ(9)

难么,公式(7)就变为
∣ σ x x ? σ v τ y x τ z x τ x y σ y y ? σ v τ z y τ x z τ y z σ z z ? σ v ∣ = ? σ v 3 + I 1 σ v 2 + I 2 σ v + I 3 = 0 (10) \begin{aligned} \begin{vmatrix} \sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{yx} & \tau_{zx}\\ \tau_{xy} & \sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{v} & \tau_{zy}\\ \tau_{xz} & \tau_{yz} & \sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{v} \end{vmatrix}=-\sigma_{v}^3+I_1\sigma_{v}^2+I_2\sigma_{v}+I_3=0 \end{aligned}\tag{10} ?σxx??σv?τxy?τxz??τyx?σyy??σv?τyz??τzx?τzy?σzz??σv?? ?=?σv3?+I1?σv2?+I2?σv?+I3?=0?(10)

那么 σ v \boldsymbol\sigma_{v} σv?可以通过公式(10)来求解,回代公式(6),可以解的 ( l , m , n ) (l,m,n) (l,m,n)
根据三次方程的韦达定理,有三个方程的根(也就是主应力)的和等于下式。
σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3 = ? I 1 ? 1 = I 1 (11) \sigma_1+\sigma_2+\sigma_3=-\frac{I_1}{-1}=I_1\tag{11} σ1?+σ2?+σ3?=??1I1??=I1?(11)

其实观察上面的计算,不难发现,正应力 σ v \boldsymbol\sigma_{v} σv?和方向余弦 ( l , m , n ) (l,m,n) (l,m,n)为应力矩阵的特征值和特征向量。

1.3 应力偏张量、球张量、应力不变量

下图为能反映一点的应力状态的六面体,众多的金属实验表明(在常见的应力范围内)当六面体各个面上只有相等正应力无切应力时,物体不发生塑性变形和形状变化。由此,定义了这么一种应力状态,即
[ σ m ] = [ σ m 0 0 0 σ m 0 0 0 σ m ] (12) [\boldsymbol\sigma_m]=\begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{m} & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \sigma_{m} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sigma_{m} \end{bmatrix}\tag{12} [σm?]= ?σm?00?0σm?0?00σm?? ?(12)
σ m = σ 1 = σ 2 = σ 3 = 1 3 ( σ 1 + σ 2 + σ 3 ) = 1 3 I 1 (13) \sigma_m=\sigma_1=\sigma_2=\sigma_3=\frac{1}{3}(\sigma_1+\sigma_2+\sigma_3)=\frac{1}{3}I_1\tag{13} σm?=σ1?=σ2?=σ3?=31?(σ1?+σ2?+σ3?)=31?I1?(13)
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那么将应力张量减去应力应力球张量,可得应力偏张量(同时可以确定的是[s]也是对称矩阵,由于剪应力互等)
[ s ] = [ σ x x ? σ m τ x y τ x z τ y x σ y y ? σ m τ y z τ z x τ z y σ z z ? σ m ] = [ s x x s x y s x z s y x s y y s y z s z x s z y s z z ] (14) [\boldsymbol s]=\begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{m} & \tau_{xy} & \tau_{xz}\\ \tau_{yx} & \sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{m} & \tau_{yz}\\ \tau_{zx} & \tau_{zy} & \sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{m} \end{bmatrix} =\begin{bmatrix} s_{xx} & s_{xy} & s_{xz}\\ s_{yx} & s_{yy} & s_{yz}\\ s_{zx} & s_{zy} & s_{zz} \end{bmatrix}\tag{14} [s]= ?σxx??σm?τyx?τzx??τxy?σyy??σm?τzy??τxz?τyz?σzz??σm?? ?= ?sxx?syx?szx??sxy?syy?szy??sxz?syz?szz?? ?(14)

同样,按照1.2的过程,可以得到应力偏张量的主应力的公式如下所示。
∣ s x x ? s v s y x s z x s x y s y y ? s v s z y s x z s y z s z z ? s v ∣ = ∣ s x x ? s v s x y s x z s y x s y y ? s v s y z s z x s z y s z z ? s v ∣ = ? s v 3 + I ^ 1 s v 2 + I ^ 2 s v + I ^ 3 = 0 (15) \begin{aligned} \begin{vmatrix} s_{xx}-s_{v} & s_{yx} & s_{zx}\\ s_{xy} & s_{yy}-s_{v} & s_{zy}\\ s_{xz} & s_{yz} & s_{zz}-s_{v} \end{vmatrix}&=\begin{vmatrix} s_{xx}-s_{v} & s_{xy} & s_{xz}\\ s_{yx} & s_{yy}-s_{v} & s_{yz}\\ s_{zx} & s_{zy} & s_{zz}-s_{v} \end{vmatrix}\\ &=-s_{v}^3+\hat I_1s_{v}^2+\hat I_2s_{v}+\hat I_3=0 \end{aligned}\tag{15} ?sxx??sv?sxy?sxz??syx?syy??sv?syz??szx?szy?szz??sv?? ??= ?sxx??sv?syx?szx??sxy?syy??sv?szy??sxz?syz?szz??sv?? ?=?sv3?+I^1?sv2?+I^2?sv?+I^3?=0?(15)
其中,有应力偏张量的不变量如下所示。
I ^ 1 = s x x + s y y + s z z = σ x x ? σ m + σ y y ? σ m + σ z z ? σ m = 0 I ^ 2 = s x z 2 + s x y 2 + s y z 2 ? s x x s y y ? s x x s z z ? s y y s z z I ^ 3 = s x x s y y s z z + 2 s x z s x y s y z ? s y y s x z 2 ? s z z s x y 2 ? s x x s y z 2 (16) \hat I_1=s_{xx}+s_{yy}+s_{zz}=\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{m} + \sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{m}+ \sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{m}=0\\ \hat I_2=s_{xz}^2+s_{xy}^2+s_{yz}^2-s_{xx}s_{yy}-s_{xx}s_{zz}-s_{yy}s_{zz}\\ \hat I_3=s_{xx}s_{yy}s_{zz}+2s_{xz}s_{xy}s_{yz}-s_{yy}s_{xz}^2-s_{zz}s_{xy}^2-s_{xx}s_{yz}^2 \tag{16} I^1?=sxx?+syy?+szz?=σxx??σm?+σyy??σm?+σzz??σm?=0I^2?=sxz2?+sxy2?+syz2??sxx?syy??sxx?szz??syy?szz?I^3?=sxx?syy?szz?+2sxz?sxy?syz??syy?sxz2??szz?sxy2??sxx?syz2?(16)
对公式(15)进行展开合并同类项等过程,如下所示,
? s v 3 + I ^ 1 s v 2 + I ^ 2 s v + I ^ 3 = ? s v 3 + I ^ 2 s v + I ^ 3 = ? s v 3 + ( s x z 2 + s x y 2 + s y z 2 ? s x x s y y ? s x x s z z ? s y y s z z ) s v + s x x s y y s z z + 2 s x z s x y s y z ? s y y s x z 2 ? s z z s x y 2 ? s x x s y z 2 = ? s v 3 + ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) s v ? [ ( σ x x ? σ m ) ( σ y y ? σ m ) + ( σ x x ? σ m ) ( σ z z ? σ m ) + ( σ y y ? σ m ) ( σ z z ? σ m ) ] s v + ( σ x x ? σ m ) ( σ y y ? σ m ) ( σ z z ? σ m ) + 2 τ x z τ x y τ y z ? ( σ y y ? σ m ) τ x z 2 ? ( σ z z ? σ m ) τ x y 2 ? ( σ x x ? σ m ) τ y z 2 = ? s v 3 + ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) s v ? ( σ x x σ y y + σ x x σ z z + σ y y σ z z ) s v + ( σ x x + σ y y + σ x x + σ z z + σ y y + σ z z ) σ m s v ? 3 σ m 2 s v + σ x x σ y y σ z z ? ( σ x x σ y y + σ x x σ z z + σ y y σ z z ) σ m + ( σ x x + σ y y + σ z z ) σ m 2 ? σ m 3 + 2 τ x z τ x y τ y z ? ( σ y y τ x z 2 + σ z z τ x y 2 + σ x x τ y z 2 ) + ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) σ m = ? s v 3 + ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) ( s v + σ m ) ? ( σ x x σ y y + σ x x σ z z + σ y y σ z z ) ( s v + σ m ) + 6 σ m 2 s v ? 3 σ m 2 s v + σ x x σ y y σ z z + 3 σ m 3 ? σ m 3 + 2 τ x z τ x y τ y z ? ( σ y y τ x z 2 + σ z z τ x y 2 + σ x x τ y z 2 ) = ? s v 3 + 3 σ m 2 s v + 2 σ m 3 + ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ? σ x x σ y y ? σ x x σ z z ? σ y y σ z z ) ( s v + σ m ) + σ x x σ y y σ z z + 2 τ x z τ x y τ y z ? ( σ y y τ x z 2 + σ z z τ x y 2 + σ x x τ y z 2 ) = ? s v 3 ? σ m 3 + 3 σ m 2 s v + 3 σ m 3 + I 2 ( s v + σ m ) + I 3 = ? ( s v + σ m ) ( s v 2 ? s v σ m + σ m 2 ? 3 σ m 2 ) + I 2 ( s v + σ m ) + I 3 = ? ( s v + σ m ) ( s v + σ m ) ( s v ? 2 σ m ) + I 2 ( s v + σ m ) + I 3 = ? ( s v + σ m ) 2 ( s v + σ m ? 3 σ m ) + I 2 ( s v + σ m ) + I 3 = ? ( s v + σ m ) 3 + 3 σ m ( s v + σ m ) 2 + I 2 ( s v + σ m ) + I 3 = ? ( s v + σ m ) 3 + I 1 ( s v + σ m ) 2 + I 2 ( s v + σ m ) + I 3 = 0 (17) \begin{aligned} -s_{v}^3+\hat I_1s_{v}^2+\hat I_2s_{v}+\hat I_3&=-s_{v}^3+\hat I_2s_{v}+\hat I_3\\ &=-s_{v}^3+(s_{xz}^2+s_{xy}^2+s_{yz}^2-s_{xx}s_{yy}-s_{xx}s_{zz}-s_{yy}s_{zz})s_{v}\\ &\quad+s_{xx}s_{yy}s_{zz}+2s_{xz}s_{xy}s_{yz}-s_{yy}s_{xz}^2-s_{zz}s_{xy}^2-s_{xx}s_{yz}^2\\ &=-s_{v}^3+(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)s_{v} \\ &\quad- [(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{m})(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{m})+(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{m})(\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{m})+(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{m})( \sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{m})]s_{v}\\ &\quad+(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{m})(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{m})(\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{m})+2\tau_{xz}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}\\ &\quad-(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{m})\tau_{xz}^2-(\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{m})\tau_{xy}^2-(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{m})\tau_{yz}^2\\ &=-s_{v}^3+(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)s_{v}-(\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{zz}+\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz})s_{v}\\ &\quad+(\sigma_{xx}+\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{xx}+\sigma_{zz}+\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{zz})\sigma_{m}s_{v}-3\sigma_{m}^2s_{v}+\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz}\\ &\quad-(\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{zz}+\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz})\sigma_{m}+(\sigma_{xx}+\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{zz})\sigma_{m}^2-\sigma_{m}^3+2\tau_{xz}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}\\ &\quad-(\sigma_{yy}\tau_{xz}^2+\sigma_{zz}\tau_{xy}^2+\sigma_{xx}\tau_{yz}^2)+(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)\sigma_{m}\\ &=-s_{v}^3+(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})-(\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}+\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{zz}+\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz})(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})\\ &\quad+6\sigma_{m}^2s_{v}-3\sigma_{m}^2s_{v}+\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz}+3\sigma_{m}^3-\sigma_{m}^3+2\tau_{xz}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}\\ &\quad-(\sigma_{yy}\tau_{xz}^2+\sigma_{zz}\tau_{xy}^2+\sigma_{xx}\tau_{yz}^2)\\ &=-s_{v}^3+3\sigma_{m}^2s_{v}+2\sigma_{m}^3+(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2-\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{zz}-\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz})(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})\\ &\quad+\sigma_{xx}\sigma_{yy}\sigma_{zz}+2\tau_{xz}\tau_{xy}\tau_{yz}-(\sigma_{yy}\tau_{xz}^2+\sigma_{zz}\tau_{xy}^2+\sigma_{xx}\tau_{yz}^2)\\ &=-s_{v}^3-\sigma_{m}^3+3\sigma_{m}^2s_{v}+3\sigma_{m}^3+I_2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})+I_3\\ &=-(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})(s_{v}^2-s_{v}\sigma_{m}+\sigma_{m}^2-3\sigma_{m}^2)+I_2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})+I_3\\ &=-(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})(s_{v}-2\sigma_{m})+I_2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})+I_3\\ &=-(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})^2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m}-3\sigma_{m})+I_2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})+I_3\\ &=-(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})^3+3\sigma_{m}(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})^2+I_2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})+I_3\\ &=-(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})^3+I_1(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})^2+I_2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})+I_3=0 \end{aligned}\tag{17} ?sv3?+I^1?sv2?+I^2?sv?+I^3??=?sv3?+I^2?sv?+I^3?=?sv3?+(sxz2?+sxy2?+syz2??sxx?syy??sxx?szz??syy?szz?)sv?+sxx?syy?szz?+2sxz?sxy?syz??syy?sxz2??szz?sxy2??sxx?syz2?=?sv3?+(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)sv??[(σxx??σm?)(σyy??σm?)+(σxx??σm?)(σzz??σm?)+(σyy??σm?)(σzz??σm?)]sv?+(σxx??σm?)(σyy??σm?)(σzz??σm?)+2τxz?τxy?τyz??(σyy??σm?)τxz2??(σzz??σm?)τxy2??(σxx??σm?)τyz2?=?sv3?+(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)sv??(σxx?σyy?+σxx?σzz?+σyy?σzz?)sv?+(σxx?+σyy?+σxx?+σzz?+σyy?+σzz?)σm?sv??3σm2?sv?+σxx?σyy?σzz??(σxx?σyy?+σxx?σzz?+σyy?σzz?)σm?+(σxx?+σyy?+σzz?)σm2??σm3?+2τxz?τxy?τyz??(σyy?τxz2?+σzz?τxy2?+σxx?τyz2?)+(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)σm?=?sv3?+(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)(sv?+σm?)?(σxx?σyy?+σxx?σzz?+σyy?σzz?)(sv?+σm?)+6σm2?sv??3σm2?sv?+σxx?σyy?σzz?+3σm3??σm3?+2τxz?τxy?τyz??(σyy?τxz2?+σzz?τxy2?+σxx?τyz2?)=?sv3?+3σm2?sv?+2σm3?+(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2??σxx?σyy??σxx?σzz??σyy?σzz?)(sv?+σm?)+σxx?σyy?σzz?+2τxz?τxy?τyz??(σyy?τxz2?+σzz?τxy2?+σxx?τyz2?)=?sv3??σm3?+3σm2?sv?+3σm3?+I2?(sv?+σm?)+I3?=?(sv?+σm?)(sv2??sv?σm?+σm2??3σm2?)+I2?(sv?+σm?)+I3?=?(sv?+σm?)(sv?+σm?)(sv??2σm?)+I2?(sv?+σm?)+I3?=?(sv?+σm?)2(sv?+σm??3σm?)+I2?(sv?+σm?)+I3?=?(sv?+σm?)3+3σm?(sv?+σm?)2+I2?(sv?+σm?)+I3?=?(sv?+σm?)3+I1?(sv?+σm?)2+I2?(sv?+σm?)+I3?=0?(17)
对比公式(17)和公式(10),如下所示。
? ( s v + σ m ) 3 + I 1 ( s v + σ m ) 2 + I 2 ( s v + σ m ) + I 3 = 0 ? σ v 3 + I 1 σ v 2 + I 2 σ v + I 3 = 0 -(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})^3+I_1(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})^2+I_2(s_{v}+\sigma_{m})+I_3=0\\ -\sigma_{v}^3+I_1\sigma_{v}^2+I_2\sigma_{v}+I_3=0 ?(sv?+σm?)3+I1?(sv?+σm?)2+I2?(sv?+σm?)+I3?=0?σv3?+I1?σv2?+I2?σv?+I3?=0
不难发现, s v + σ m = σ v s_{v}+\sigma_{m}=\sigma_{v} sv?+σm?=σv?,即应力偏张量主值和应力张量主值存在以上转换关系。
同时,从公式(16)的 I ^ 1 \hat I_1 I^1?
I ^ 1 = s x x + s y y + s z z = 0 \hat I_1=s_{xx}+s_{yy}+s_{zz}=0 I^1?=sxx?+syy?+szz?=0
那么可以得到
( s x x + s y y + s z z ) 2 = s x x 2 + s y y 2 + s z z 2 + 2 ( s x x s y y + s x x s z z + s y y s z z ) = 0 (18) (s_{xx}+s_{yy}+s_{zz})^2=s_{xx}^2+s_{yy}^2+s_{zz}^2+2(s_{xx}s_{yy}+s_{xx}s_{zz}+s_{yy}s_{zz})=0\tag{18} (sxx?+syy?+szz?)2=sxx2?+syy2?+szz2?+2(sxx?syy?+sxx?szz?+syy?szz?)=0(18)
于是
? 6 ( s x x s y y + s x x s z z + s y y s z z ) = 2 s x x 2 + 2 s y y 2 + 2 s z z 2 ? 2 ( s x x s y y + s x x s z z + s y y s z z ) = ( s x x ? s y y ) 2 + ( s x x ? s z z ) 2 + ( s y y ? s z z ) 2 = ( σ x x ? σ y y ) 2 + ( σ x x ? σ z z ) 2 + ( σ y y ? σ z z ) 2 (19) \begin{aligned} -6(s_{xx}s_{yy}+s_{xx}s_{zz}+s_{yy}s_{zz})&=2s_{xx}^2+2s_{yy}^2+2s_{zz}^2-2(s_{xx}s_{yy}+s_{xx}s_{zz}+s_{yy}s_{zz})\\ &=(s_{xx}-s_{yy})^2+(s_{xx}-s_{zz})^2+(s_{yy}-s_{zz})^2\\ &=(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{yy})^2+(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{zz})^2+(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{zz})^2 \end{aligned}\tag{19} ?6(sxx?syy?+sxx?szz?+syy?szz?)?=2sxx2?+2syy2?+2szz2??2(sxx?syy?+sxx?szz?+syy?szz?)=(sxx??syy?)2+(sxx??szz?)2+(syy??szz?)2=(σxx??σyy?)2+(σxx??σzz?)2+(σyy??σzz?)2?(19)
把公式(16)的 I ^ 2 \hat I_2 I^2?,那么
? 6 ( s x x s y y + s x x s z z + s y y s z z ) = 6 [ I ^ 2 ? ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) ] = ( σ x x ? σ y y ) 2 + ( σ x x ? σ z z ) 2 + ( σ y y ? σ z z ) 2 (20) \begin{aligned} -6(s_{xx}s_{yy}+s_{xx}s_{zz}+s_{yy}s_{zz})&=6[\hat I_2-(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)]\\ &=(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{yy})^2+(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{zz})^2+(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{zz})^2 \end{aligned}\tag{20} ?6(sxx?syy?+sxx?szz?+syy?szz?)?=6[I^2??(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)]=(σxx??σyy?)2+(σxx??σzz?)2+(σyy??σzz?)2?(20)

I ^ 2 = 1 6 [ ( σ x x ? σ y y ) 2 + ( σ x x ? σ z z ) 2 + ( σ y y ? σ z z ) 2 + 6 ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) ] (21) \hat I_2=\frac{1}{6}[(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{yy})^2+(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{zz})^2+(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{zz})^2+6(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)]\tag{21} I^2?=61?[(σxx??σyy?)2+(σxx??σzz?)2+(σyy??σzz?)2+6(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)](21)

应力偏张量的第二不变量更常用的还有一个形式如下。
I ^ 2 = 1 6 [ ( σ 1 ? σ 2 ) 2 + ( σ 1 ? σ 3 ) 2 + ( σ 2 ? σ 3 ) 2 ] (22) \hat I_2=\frac{1}{6}[(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{2})^2+(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3})^2+(\sigma_{2}-\sigma_{3})^2]\tag{22} I^2?=61?[(σ1??σ2?)2+(σ1??σ3?)2+(σ2??σ3?)2](22)
看公式(21)(22)是不是特别的眼熟,其实他就是等效应力的来源,定义应力强度 σ e \sigma_e σe?
σ e = 3 I 2 = 1 2 [ ( σ 1 ? σ 2 ) 2 + ( σ 1 ? σ 3 ) 2 + ( σ 2 ? σ 3 ) 2 ] = 1 2 [ ( σ x x ? σ y y ) 2 + ( σ x x ? σ z z ) 2 + ( σ y y ? σ z z ) 2 + 6 ( τ x z 2 + τ x y 2 + τ y z 2 ) ] (22) \sigma_e=\sqrt{3I_2}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}[(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{2})^2+(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3})^2+(\sigma_{2}-\sigma_{3})^2]}\\ =\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}[(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{yy})^2+(\sigma_{xx}-\sigma_{zz})^2+(\sigma_{yy}-\sigma_{zz})^2+6(\tau_{xz}^2+\tau_{xy}^2+\tau_{yz}^2)]} \tag{22} σe?=3I2? ?=21?[(σ1??σ2?)2+(σ1??σ3?)2+(σ2??σ3?)2] ?=21?[(σxx??σyy?)2+(σxx??σzz?)2+(σyy??σzz?)2+6(τxz2?+τxy2?+τyz2?)] ?(22)

文章来源:https://blog.csdn.net/u012915522/article/details/134796713
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