今日概要:
可以写在任意的目录:自定义的类、继承一个类**(推荐)**
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
# request是请求相关所有的数据
pass
def process_view(self, request, view, *args, **kwargs):
# request是请求相关所有的数据; view是试图函数; 路由参数*args, **kwargs
pass
def process_response(self, request, response):
# request是请求相关所有的数据
# response是试图函数返回的那个对象(封装了要返回到用户浏览器的所有数据)
return response
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
"utils.md.KeLaMiddleware"
]
# 动态导入 + 反射
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("KeLa.process_request")
def process_view(self, request, view, *args, **kwargs):
print("KeLa.process_view",view, *args, **kwargs)
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("KeLa.process_response")
return response
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
def x1(request):
print("视图.x1")
return HttpResponse("x1")
def x2(request, v1):
print("视图.x2", v1)
return HttpResponse("x2")
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('x1/', x1),
path('x2/<int:v1>/', x2),
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
"utils.md.KeLaMiddleware"
]
中间件的功能好像有点像装饰器【底层源码闭包】
基于中间件可以做什么?
根据请求周期,对 request 进行赋值,后续方便进行调用。
根据请求周期,对业务逻辑代码进行自定义,决定是否可以继续向后
return None,继续向后走
return HttpResponse对象
return HttpResponse("...")
return render("...") -> HttpResponse("...")
return JsonReponse("...") -> HttpResponse("...")
根据请求周期,对返回给用户浏览器的数据进行自定义:删除内容、增加、cookie、响应头…
这个中间件和nginx apache这样的中间件概念一样吗?比如做前置代理,做https
Django中间件 / 拦截器 / RequestHanler
中间件可以跨语言调用吗?比如别人不是用python 写的,但是可以给我们的django 项目用?
Django中间件
...
架构中间件:
Django + redis(C语言)
中间件只要两层,不要中间那个process.riew行不行,是不是有些特定场合需要返回最后一层
...
那Django内置的中间件完成了些什么功能?
...
如果用户向我的网站请求时,如果访问URL:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/x2/12/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/x2/12/?xxx=123
http://127.0.0.1:8000/x3/?token=12938791923981723123
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
# request.path_info
# print(request.path_info,"KeLa.process_request")
if request.path_info == "/x3/":
token = request.GET.get('token')
if token == "12938791923981723123":
return
else:
return HttpResponse("无权访问")
如果用户向我的网站请求时,如果访问URL:
/x1/
/x2/ ,比如携带凭证token,有凭证继续,无凭证返回无权访问。
x2/<int:v1>/', x2
http://127.0.0.1:8000/x1/10/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/x1/20/
http://127.0.0.1:8000/x1/11/
/x3/
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
# request.path_info
# print(request.path_info,"KeLa.process_request")
# 以x2开头 或 正则 /x2/1111/ /x2/10/
# if request.path_info == "/x2/":
if request.path_info.startswith("/x2/"):
token = request.GET.get('token')
if token == "12938791923981723123":
return
else:
return HttpResponse("无权访问")
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_view(self, request, view, *args, **kwargs):
# request.path_info
# print(request.path_info,"KeLa.process_request")
url_name = request.resolver_match.url_name
if url_name == "x2":
token = request.GET.get('token')
if token == "12938791923981723123":
return
else:
return HttpResponse("无权访问")
关于自定义prcess_response,一般用于对请求要返回的数据进行修改。
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_response(self, request, response):
response["xx"] = "wupeiqi"
return response
编写类,在类型定义:process_request、process_view、process_response、process_exception、process_template_response
process_exception,视图函数有异常,处理出现异常时
process_template_response,对于视图函数返回内容渲染扩展。
- 在视图函数中如果返回的对象内部有一个render方法且可以被调用执行
- process_template_response返回response参数(返回值)
- 在自定义的MyReponse的render方法中必须返回HttpRespose
中间件注册,在settings中的配置。
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_exception(self, request, exception):
print(request)
print(exception, type(exception))
return HttpResponse("错误了")
def x1(request):
print("视图.x1")
return HttpResponse("x1")
class MyHttpResponse:
def __init__(self, body):
self.body = body
def render(self):
return HttpResponse(self.body) # 真正的返回
def x1(request):
print("视图.x1")
return MyHttpResponse("x1")
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_template_response(self, request, response):
return response
def x1(request):
print("视图.x1")
return HttpResponse("源代码-x1")
def x2(request, v1):
return HttpResponse("源代码-x2")
def x3(request):
return HttpResponse("源代码-x3")
class MyHttpResponse:
def __init__(self, body):
self.body = body
def render(self):
return HttpResponse(self.body)
def x1(request):
print("视图.x1")
return MyHttpResponse("x1")
def x2(request, v1):
return MyHttpResponse("x2")
def x3(request):
return MyHttpResponse("x3")
class KeLaMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_template_response(self, request, response):
response.body = f"源代码-{response.body}"
return response
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
def run_server(environ, start_response):
# 只要请求到来,就会走这里的代码
# 1.根据请求 environ 进行后续业务处理
# 2.返回内容。。。
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
return [bytes('<h1>Hello, web!</h1>', encoding='utf-8'), ]
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('127.0.0.1', 8000, run_server) # # 有请求到来时,执行 obj(environ, start_response)
httpd.serve_forever()
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
class Handler:
def __init__(self):
# 做一些初始化动作
self.name = "wupeiqi"
def __call__(self,environ, start_response):
# 根据初始化的动作,去执行...
# ...
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
return [bytes('<h1>Hello, web!</h1>', encoding='utf-8'), ]
if __name__ == '__main__':
obj = Handler() # 执行
httpd = make_server('127.0.0.1', 8000, obj) # 有请求到来时,执行 obj(environ, start_response)
httpd.serve_forever()
WSGIHandler.__init__
WSGIHandler.__call__
流程:中间件的执行、路由匹配、视图函数的执行。
1.7.x源码,底层实现,是基于好几个列表。
4.x源码,
函数的作用域 + 闭包 + 装饰器
面向对象 + __call__方法
# 核心
# handler = SecurityMiddleware对象
# __call__
# process_request
# get_reponse = SessionMiddleware对象
# process_response
# __call__
# process_request
# get_reponse = CommonMiddleware对象
# process_response
# __call__
# process_request
# get_reponse = KeLaMiddleware对象
# process_response
本质上:保存在用户浏览器上键值对。
from django.urls import path
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
def x1(request):
# 包含:响应体、响应头、状态码等信息
obj = HttpResponse("x1", status=201, reason="OK")
# 设置响应头
obj['name'] = "wupeiqi"
# 设置cookie
# import datetime
# ctime = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=10)
obj.set_cookie("v3", "root", max_age=10, path="/")
obj.set_cookie("v2", "hello")
obj.set_signed_cookie("info", "xiaoguang") # 签名
return obj
def x2(request):
print(request.COOKIES)
xx = request.get_signed_cookie("info") # 用户不能自己修改cookie的内容
print(xx)
# print(request.COOKIES.get('v1'))
# print(request.COOKIES.get('v2'))
return HttpResponse("x2")
urlpatterns = [
path('x1/', x1, name='x1'),
path('x2/', x2, name='x2'),
]
HttpResponse,包裹
# 包含:响应体、响应头、状态码等信息
obj = HttpResponse("x1", status=201, reason="OK")
# 设置响应头
obj['name'] = "yiyebaitou"
# 设置cookie
# import datetime
# ctime = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=10)
obj.set_cookie("v3", "root", max_age=10, path="/")
obj.set_cookie("v2", "hello")
obj.set_signed_cookie("info", "xiaoguang") # 签名
return obj
WSGIRequest
class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
request_class = WSGIRequest
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.load_middleware()
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
set_script_prefix(get_script_name(environ))
signals.request_started.send(sender=self.__class__, environ=environ)
request = self.request_class(environ)
class HttpRequest:
def get_signed_cookie(self, key, default=RAISE_ERROR, salt="", max_age=None):
cookie_value = self.COOKIES[key]
value = signing.get_cookie_signer(salt=key + salt).unsign(cookie_value, max_age=max_age)
return value
class WSGIRequest(HttpRequest):
def __init__(self, environ):
self.environ = environ
...
@cached_property
def COOKIES(self):
raw_cookie = get_str_from_wsgi(self.environ, "HTTP_COOKIE", "")
return parse_cookie(raw_cookie)
Session的使用一般依赖于Cookie,将一些数据不再发送值浏览器,而是保存的后端的服务器上。
Session到底要存储到哪里?默认数据库。
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
# 'django.contrib.sessions', # sessions功能的APP django_session
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', # process_request/process_response
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
# "utils.md.KeLaMiddleware",
]
############
# SESSIONS #
############
# Session存储在哪里?
SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.db"
# 如果存储到文件中,文件的路径。
SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.file"
SESSION_FILE_PATH = None
# 存储到缓存
SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache"
SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = "default"
# 存储到缓存 + 数据库
SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache_db"
SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = "default"
# 存储到cookie
SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies"
# class to serialize session data
SESSION_SERIALIZER = "django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer"
# -------------------------------
# Cookie name. This can be whatever you want.
SESSION_COOKIE_NAME = "sessionid"
# Age of cookie, in seconds (default: 2 weeks).
SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 * 2
# A string like "example.com", or None for standard domain cookie.
SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
# Whether the session cookie should be secure (https:// only).
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = False
# The path of the session cookie.
SESSION_COOKIE_PATH = "/"
# Whether to use the HttpOnly flag.
SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
# Whether to set the flag restricting cookie leaks on cross-site requests.
# This can be 'Lax', 'Strict', 'None', or False to disable the flag.
SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE = "Lax"
# Whether to save the session data on every request.
SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = False
# Whether a user's session cookie expires when the web browser is closed.
SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = False
注意:如果是非数据库,可以主调用app的注册代码部分。
请求=登录,生成Session、Cookie。
再次请求,默认携带cookie,根据Cookie中的凭证,去找到Session中原本存储的数据。
request.session['id'] = 999
request.session['id'] = 88
request.session.get("id")
# del request.session['id']
# request.session.clear()
from django.urls import path
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
def x1(request):
request.session['id'] = 999
request.session['name'] = 'wupeiqi'
request.session['age'] = '25'
return HttpResponse("x1")
def x2(request):
print(request.session.get("id"))
print(request.session.get("name"))
print(request.session.get("age"))
return HttpResponse("x2")
urlpatterns = [
path('x1/', x1, name='x1'),
path('x2/', x2, name='x2'),
]
数据库引擎
SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.db"
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
>>>python manage.py makemigrations
>>>python manage.py migrate
文件
# 如果存储到文件中,文件的路径。
SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.file"
SESSION_FILE_PATH = None
INSTALLED_APPS = [
#'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', # 必须设置
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
...
]
在启动django程序时,会自动创建 SessionMiddlewared对象。
class MiddlewareMixin:
def __init__(self, get_response):
self.get_response = get_response
class SessionMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):
def __init__(self, get_response):
super().__init__(get_response)
# "django.contrib.sessions.backends.db" "django.contrib.sessions.backends.file"
engine = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE)
# db.SessionStore file.SessionStore
self.SessionStore = engine.SessionStore
def process_request(self, request):
# 1.去Cookie中读取凭证 mid="123123123123"
session_key = request.COOKIES.get(settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME)
# 2.实例化
request.session = self.SessionStore(session_key)
def x1(request):
# request.session -> file.SessionStore() /
request.session['id'] = 999
request.session['name'] = 'wupeiqi' 类中的__setitem__
request.session['age'] = '25'
return HttpResponse("x1")
...
老师,cookie过期时间设置以后,请求的时候是在哪块判断的cookie是否过期
data = request.COOKIES.get("v1")
# 过期或未设置
老师 那session以文件方式存储,那每次运行都会覆盖上一次的吗
每个浏览器应该是不同的文件吧
有个基础知识问题:response.Item这里的干什么的?
一个用户ID 是不是只会 对应一个 session,比如更换浏览器访问,后台就会被变更了 对吧
A浏览器
B浏览器