继承的概念
单继承
多继承
?类重写?类的同名属性和?法
?类调??类的同名属性和?法
多层继承
super()
私有属性和私有?法
?活中的继承,?般指的是子女继承父辈的财产。
不由任意内置类型派?出的类,称之为经典类
class 类名:
代码
......
class 类名(object):
代码
Python?向对象的继承指的是多个类之间的所属关系,即?类默认继承?类的所有属性和?法,具体如
下:
# ?类A
class A(object):
def __init__(self):
self.num = 1
def info_print(self):
print(self.num)
# ?类B
class B(A):
pass
result = B()
result.info_print() # 1
在Python中,所有类默认继承object类,object类是顶级类或基类,根类;其他?类叫做派?类.
故事主线:?个煎饼果??师傅,在煎饼果?界摸爬滚打多年,研发了?套精湛的摊煎饼果?的
技术。师?要把这套技术传授给他的唯?的最得意的徒弟。
分析:徒弟是不是要继承师?的所有技术?
# 1. 师?类
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
# 2. 徒弟类
class Prentice(Master):
pass
# 3. 创建对象xiaoming
xiaoming = Prentice()
# 4. 对象访问实例属性
print(xiaoming.formula)
# 5. 对象调?实例?法
xiaoming.make_cake()
故事推进:小明是个爱学习的好孩?,想学习更多的煎饼果?技术,于是,来到财税煎饼专业,学习煎饼果?技术。
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
# 创建学校类
class School(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[财税煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class Prentice(School, Master):
pass
xiaoming = Prentice()
print(xiaoming.formula)
xiaoming.make_cake()
注意:当?个类有多个?类的时候,默认使?第?个?类的同名属性和?法。
故事:xiaoming掌握了师?和培训的技术后,??潜?钻研出??的独?配?的?套全新的煎饼果?
技术。
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class School(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[财税煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
# 独创配?
class Prentice(School, Master):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[独创煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
xiaoming = Prentice()
print(xiaoming.formula)
xiaoming.make_cake()
#查看继承关系
print(Prentice.__mro__)
?类和?类具有同名属性和?法,默认使??类的同名属性和?法。
故事:很多顾客都希望也能吃到古法和财税学校里专业的技术的煎饼果?。
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class School(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[财税煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class Prentice(School, Master):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[独创煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
# 如果是先调?了?类的属性和?法,?类属性会覆盖?类属性,故在调?属性前,先调????类的初始化
self.__init__()
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
# 调??类?法,但是为保证调?到的也是?类的属性,必须在调??法前调??类的初始化
def make_master_cake(self):
Master.__init__(self)
Master.make_cake(self)
def make_school_cake(self):
School.__init__(self)
School.make_cake(self)
xiaoming = Prentice()
xiaoming.make_cake()
xiaoming.make_master_cake()
xiaoming.make_school_cake()
xiaoming.make_cake()
故事:N年后,xiaoming?了,想要把所有技术传承给??的徒弟。
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class School(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[财税煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class Prentice(School, Master):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[独创煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
self.__init__()
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
def make_master_cake(self):
Master.__init__(self)
Master.make_cake(self)
def make_school_cake(self):
School.__init__(self)
School.make_cake(self)
# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
pass
xiaoqiu = Tusun()
xiaoqiu.make_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_school_cake()
xiaoqiu.make_master_cake()
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class School(Master):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[财税煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
# ?法2.1
# super(School, self).__init__()
# super(School, self).make_cake()
# ?法2.2
super().__init__()
super().make_cake()
class Prentice(School):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[独创煎饼果?技术]'
def make_cake(self):
self.__init__()
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
# ?类调??类的同名?法和属性:把?类的同名属性和?法再次封装
def make_master_cake(self):
Master.__init__(self)
Master.make_cake(self)
def make_school_cake(self):
School.__init__(self)
School.make_cake(self)
# ?次性调??类的同名属性和?法
def make_old_cake(self):
# ?法?:代码冗余;?类类名如果变化,这?代码需要频繁修改
# Master.__init__(self)
# Master.make_cake(self)
# School.__init__(self)
# School.make_cake(self)
# ?法?: super()
# ?法2.1 super(当前类名, self).函数()
# super(Prentice, self).__init__()
# super(Prentice, self).make_cake()
# ?法2.2 super().函数()
super().__init__()
super().make_cake()
xiaoming = Prentice()
xiaoming.make_old_cake()
注意:使?super() 可以?动查找?类。调?顺序遵循 mro 类属性的顺序。?较适合单继承使?。
在Python中,可以为实例属性和?法设置私有权限,即设置某个实例属性或实例?法不继承给?类
故事:xiaoming把技术传承给徒弟的同时,不想把??的钱(2000000个亿)继承给徒弟,这个时候就要为 钱 这个实例属性设置私有权限。
设置私有权限的?法:在属性名和?法名 前? 加上两个下划线 __。
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class School(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[财税煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class Prentice(School, Master):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[独创煎饼果?配?]'
# 定义私有属性
self.__money = 2000000
# 定义私有?法
def __info_print(self):
print(self.formula)
print(self.__money)
def make_cake(self):
self.__init__()
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
def make_master_cake(self):
Master.__init__(self)
Master.make_cake(self)
def make_school_cake(self):
School.__init__(self)
School.make_cake(self)
# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
pass
xiaoming = Prentice()
# 对象不能访问私有属性和私有?法
# print(xiaoming.__money)
# xiaoming.__info_print()
xiaoqiu = Tusun()
# ?类?法继承?类的私有属性和私有?法
# print(xiaoqiu.__money) # ?法访问实例属性__money
# xiaoqiu.__info_print()
注意:私有属性和私有?法只能在类??访问和修改
在Python中,?般定义函数名 get_xx ?来获取私有属性,定义 set_xx ?来修改私有属性值
class Master(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[古法煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class School(object):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[财税煎饼果?配?]'
def make_cake(self):
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
class Prentice(School, Master):
def __init__(self):
self.formula = '[独创煎饼果?配?]'
self.__money = 2000000
# 获取私有属性
def get_money(self):
return self.__money
# 修改私有属性
def set_money(self):
self.__money = 500
def __info_print(self):
print(self.formula)
print(self.__money)
def make_cake(self):
self.__init__()
print(f'运?{self.formula}制作煎饼果?')
def make_master_cake(self):
Master.__init__(self)
Master.make_cake(self)
def make_school_cake(self):
School.__init__(self)
School.make_cake(self)
# 徒孙类
class Tusun(Prentice):
pass
xiaoming = Prentice()
xiaoqiu = Tusun()
# 调?get_money函数获取私有属性money的值
print(xiaoqiu.get_money())
# 调?set_money函数修改私有属性money的值
xiaoqiu.set_money()
print(xiaoqiu.get_money())
class 类名():
# 私有属性
__属性名 = 值
# 私有?法
def __函数名(self):
代码