对于列表数据可能需要根据字段进行过滤,我们可以通过添加django-fitlter扩展来增强支持。
pip install django-filter
在配置文件中增加过滤后端的设置:
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
'django_filters', # 需要注册应用,
]
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
...
'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': ('django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',)
}
在视图中添加filter_fields属性,指定可以过滤的字段
class StudentListView(ListAPIView):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentSerializer
filter_fields = ('age', 'sex')
# 127.0.0.1:8000/four/students/?sex=1
对于列表数据,REST framework提供了OrderingFilter过滤器来帮助我们快速指明数据按照指定字段进行排序。
使用方法:
在类视图中设置filter_backends,使用rest_framework.filters.OrderingFilter
过滤器,REST framework会在请求的查询字符串参数中检查是否包含了ordering参数,如果包含了ordering参数,则按照ordering参数指明的排序字段对数据集进行排序。
前端可以传递的ordering参数的可选字段值需要在ordering_fields中指明。
示例:
class StudentListView(ListAPIView):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
filter_backends = [OrderingFilter]
ordering_fields = ('id', 'age')
# 127.0.0.1:8000/books/?ordering=-age
# -id 表示针对id字段进行倒序排序
# id 表示针对id字段进行升序排序
如果需要在过滤以后再次进行排序,则需要两者结合!
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView
from students.models import Student
from .serializers import StudentModelSerializer
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
class Student3ListView(ListAPIView):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
filter_fields = ('age', 'sex')
# 因为局部配置会覆盖全局配置,所以需要重新把过滤组件核心类再次声明,
# 否则过滤功能会失效
filter_backends = [OrderingFilter,DjangoFilterBackend]
ordering_fields = ('id', 'age')
REST framework提供了分页的支持。
我们可以在配置文件中设置全局的分页方式,如:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
'PAGE_SIZE': 100 # 每页数目
}
也可通过自定义Pagination类,来为视图添加不同分页行为。在视图中通过pagination_clas
属性来指明。
class LargeResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 1000
page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
max_page_size = 10000
class BookDetailView(RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookInfoSerializer
pagination_class = LargeResultsSetPagination
注意:如果在视图内关闭分页功能,只需在视图内设置
pagination_class = None
1)?PageNumberPagination
前端访问网址形式:
GET http://127.0.0.1:8000/students/?page=4
可以在子类中定义的属性:
# APIView
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
# 一 基本使用:url=url=http://127.0.0.1:8000/pager/?page=2&size=3,size无效
class Pager(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
# 获取所有数据
ret=models.Book.objects.all()
# 创建分页对象
page=PageNumberPagination()
# 在数据库中获取分页的数据
page_list=page.paginate_queryset(ret,request,view=self)
# 对分页进行序列化
ser=BookSerializer1(instance=page_list,many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
# 二 自定制 url=http://127.0.0.1:8000/pager/?page=2&size=3
# size=30,无效,最多5条
class Mypage(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 2
page_query_param = 'page'
# 定制传参
page_size_query_param = 'size'
# 最大一页的数据
max_page_size = 5
class Pager(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
# 获取所有数据
ret=models.Book.objects.all()
# 创建分页对象
page=Mypage()
# 在数据库中获取分页的数据
page_list=page.paginate_queryset(ret,request,view=self)
# 对分页进行序列化
ser=BookSerializer1(instance=page_list,many=True)
# return Response(ser.data)
# 这个也是返回Response对象,但是比基本的多了上一页,下一页,和总数据条数(了解即可)
return page.get_paginated_response(ser.data)
#ListAPIView
# 声明分页的配置类
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
class StandardPageNumberPagination(PageNumberPagination):
# 默认每一页显示的数据量
page_size = 2
# 允许客户端通过get参数来控制每一页的数据量
page_size_query_param = "size"
max_page_size = 10
# 自定义页码的参数名
page_query_param = "p"
class StudentAPIView(ListAPIView):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
pagination_class = StandardPageNumberPagination
# 127.0.0.1/four/students/?p=1&size=5
2)LimitOffsetPagination
前端访问网址形式:
GET http://127.0.0.1/four/students/?limit=100&offset=400
可以在子类中定义的属性:
PAGE_SIZE
设置一直# APIView
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/pager/?offset=4&limit=3
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination
# 也可以自定制,同简单分页
class Pager(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
# 获取所有数据
ret=models.Book.objects.all()
# 创建分页对象
page=LimitOffsetPagination()
# 在数据库中获取分页的数据
page_list=page.paginate_queryset(ret,request,view=self)
# 对分页进行序列化
ser=BookSerializer1(instance=page_list,many=True)
# return page.get_paginated_response(ser.data)
return Response(ser.data)
#ListAPIView
from rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination
class StandardLimitOffsetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
# 默认每一页查询的数据量,类似上面的page_size
default_limit = 2
limit_query_param = "size"
offset_query_param = "start"
class StudentAPIView(ListAPIView):
queryset = Student.objects.all()
serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer
# 调用页码分页类
# pagination_class = StandardPageNumberPagination
# 调用查询偏移分页类
pagination_class = StandardLimitOffsetPagination
3)CursorPagination
前端访问网址形式:
GET http://127.0.0.1/four/students/?cursor=cD0xNQ%3D%3D
可以在子类中定义的属性:
#APIView
from rest_framework.pagination import CursorPagination
# 看源码,是通过sql查询,大于id和小于id
class Pager(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
# 获取所有数据
ret=models.Book.objects.all()
# 创建分页对象
page=CursorPagination()
page.ordering='nid'
# 在数据库中获取分页的数据
page_list=page.paginate_queryset(ret,request,view=self)
# 对分页进行序列化
ser=BookSerializer1(instance=page_list,many=True)
# 可以避免页码被猜到
return page.get_paginated_response(ser.data)
# ListAPIView
class MyCursorPagination(CursorPagination):
page_size=2
ordering='-id'
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView
class AuthorListView(ListAPIView):
serializer_class = serializers.AuthorModelSerializer
queryset = models.Author.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
pagination_class =MyCursorPagination
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination,CursorPagination
class MyPageNumberPagination(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 2
page_query_param = 'page'
# 定制传参
page_size_query_param = 'size'
# 最大一页的数据
max_page_size = 5
class MyLimitOffsetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
default_limit = 2
# 最大一页的数据
max_limit = 5
class MyCursorPagination(CursorPagination):
page_size=2
ordering='-id'
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView
class AuthorListView(ListAPIView):
serializer_class = serializers.AuthorModelSerializer
queryset = models.Author.objects.filter(is_delete=False)
pagination_class =MyCursorPagination
REST framework提供了异常处理,我们可以自定义异常处理函数。
from rest_framework.views import exception_handler
def custom_exception_handler(exc, context):
# 先调用REST framework默认的异常处理方法获得标准错误响应对象
response = exception_handler(exc, context)
# 在此处补充自定义的异常处理
if response is None:
response.data['status_code'] = response.status_code
return response
在配置文件中声明自定义的异常处理
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'my_project.my_app.utils.custom_exception_handler'
}
如果未声明,会采用默认的方式,如下
rest_frame/settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'rest_framework.views.exception_handler'
}
补充上处理关于数据库的异常
from rest_framework.views import exception_handler
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import exception_handler as drf_exception_handler
from rest_framework import status
from django.db import DatabaseError
def exception_handler(exc, context):
response = drf_exception_handler(exc, context)
if response is None:
view = context['view']
print('[%s]: %s' % (view, exc))
if isinstance(exc, DatabaseError):
response = Response({'detail': '服务器内部错误'}, status=status.HTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE)
else:
response = Response({'detail': '未知错误'}, status=status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
return response
# 在setting.py中配置
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'app01.ser.exception_handler'
}
也就是说,很多的没有在上面列出来的异常,就需要我们在自定义异常中自己处理了。
作者:liuqingzheng