本人之前写了一套基于unnitest框架的UI自动化框架,但是发现了pytest框架之后觉得unnitest太low,现在重头开始学pytest框架,一边学习一边记录,和大家分享,话不多说,那就先从pytest框架的精髓fixture说起吧!
简介:
fixture区别于unnitest的传统单元测试(setup/teardown)有显著改进:
1.有独立的命名,并通过声明它们从测试函数、模块、类或整个项目中的使用来激活。
2.按模块化的方式实现,每个fixture都可以互相调用。
3.fixture的范围从简单的单元测试到复杂的功能测试,可以对fixture配置参数,或者跨函数function,类class,模块module或整个测试session范围。
(很重要!!!)(很重要!!!)(很重要!!!)
谨记:当我们使用pytest框架写case的时候,一定要拿它的命令规范去case,这样框架才能识别到哪些case需要执行,哪些不需要执行。
用例设计原则
文件名以test_*.py文件和*_test.py
以test_开头的函数
以Test开头的类
以test_开头的方法
fixture可以当做参数传入
定义fixture跟定义普通函数差不多,唯一区别就是在函数上加个装饰器@pytest.fixture(),fixture命名不要以test开头,跟用例区分开。fixture是有返回值得,没有返回值默认为None。用例调用fixture的返回值,直接就是把fixture的函数名称当做变量名称。
ex:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | import pytest @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? a = 'leo' ???? return a def test2(test1): ???? assert test1 = = 'leo' if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' ) |
输出:
============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.0, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.7.0, pluggy-0.8.0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 item
test_fixture.py .??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [100%]
========================== 1 passed in 0.02 seconds ===========================
Process finished with exit code 0
使用多个fixture
如果用例需要用到多个fixture的返回数据,fixture也可以返回一个元祖,list或字典,然后从里面取出对应数据。
ex:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 | import pytest @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? a = 'leo' ???? b = '123456' ???? print ( '传出a,b' ) ???? return (a, b) def test2(test1): ???? u = test1[ 0 ] ???? p = test1[ 1 ] ???? assert u = = 'leo' ???? assert p = = '123456' ???? print ( '元祖形式正确' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' ) 输出结果: platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 item test_fixture.py 传出a,b .元祖形式正确 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 passed in 0.02 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
当然也可以分成多个fixture,然后在用例中传多个fixture参数
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 | import pytest @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? a = 'leo' ???? print ( '\n传出a' ) ???? return a @pytest .fixture() def test2(): ???? b = '123456' ???? print ( '传出b' ) ???? return b def test3(test1, test2): ???? u = test1 ???? p = test2 ???? assert u = = 'leo' ???? assert p = = '123456' ???? print ( '传入多个fixture参数正确' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' ) 输出结果: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 item test_fixture.py 传出a 传出b .传入多个fixture参数正确 |
fixture互相调用
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | import pytest @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? a = 'leo' ???? print ( '\n传出a' ) ???? return a def test2(test1): ???? assert test1 = = 'leo' ???? print ( 'fixture传参成功' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' ) 输出结果: platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 1 item test_fixture.py 传出a .fixture传参成功 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
介绍完了fixture的使用方式,现在介绍一下fixture的作用范围(scope)
fixture的作用范围
fixture里面有个scope参数可以控制fixture的作用范围:session>module>class>function
-function:每一个函数或方法都会调用
-class:每一个类调用一次,一个类中可以有多个方法
-module:每一个.py文件调用一次,该文件内又有多个function和class
-session:是多个文件调用一次,可以跨.py文件调用,每个.py文件就是module
fixture源码详解
fixture(scope='function',params=None,autouse=False,ids=None,name=None):
scope:有四个级别参数"function"(默认),"class","module","session"
params:一个可选的参数列表,它将导致多个参数调用fixture功能和所有测试使用它。
autouse:如果True,则为所有测试激活fixture func可以看到它。如果为False则显示需要参考来激活fixture
ids:每个字符串id的列表,每个字符串对应于params这样他们就是测试ID的一部分。如果没有提供ID它们将从params自动生成
name:fixture的名称。这默认为装饰函数的名称。如果fixture在定义它的统一模块中使用,夹具的功能名称将被请求夹具的功能arg遮蔽,解决这个问题的一种方法时将装饰函数命令"fixture_<fixturename>"然后使用"@pytest.fixture(name='<fixturename>')"。
具体阐述一下scope四个参数的范围
scope="function"
@pytest.fixture()如果不写参数,参数就是scope="function",它的作用范围是每个测试用例来之前运行一次,销毁代码在测试用例之后运行。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 | import pytest @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? a = 'leo' ???? print ( '\n传出a' ) ???? return a @pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' ) def test2(): ???? b = '男' ???? print ( '\n传出b' ) ???? return b def test3(test1): ???? name = 'leo' ???? print ( '找到name' ) ???? assert test1 = = name def test4(test2): ???? sex = '男' ???? print ( '找到sex' ) ???? assert test2 = = sex if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main( '-q test_fixture.py' ) 输出结果: platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items test_fixture.py 传出a .找到name 传出b .找到sex ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.04 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = |
放在类中实现结果也是一样的
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 | import pytest @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? a = 'leo' ???? print ( '\n传出a' ) ???? return a @pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' ) def test2(): ???? b = '男' ???? print ( '\n传出b' ) ???? return b class TestCase: ???? def test3( self , test1): ???????? name = 'leo' ???????? print ( '找到name' ) ???????? assert test1 = = name ???? def test4( self , test2): ???????? sex = '男' ???????? print ( '找到sex' ) ???????? assert test2 = = sex if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) 输出结果: platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items test_fixture.py 传出a .找到name 传出b .找到sex ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
scope="class"
fixture为class级别的时候,如果一个class里面有多个用例,都调用了次fixture,那么此fixture只在此class里所有用例开始前执行一次。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 | import pytest @pytest .fixture(scope = 'class' ) def test1(): ???? b = '男' ???? print ( '传出了%s, 且只在class里所有用例开始前执行一次!!!' % b) ???? return b class TestCase: ???? def test3( self , test1): ???????? name = '男' ???????? print ( '找到name' ) ???????? assert test1 = = name ???? def test4( self , test1): ???????? sex = '男' ???????? print ( '找到sex' ) ???????? assert test1 = = sex if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) 输出结果: platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items test_fixture.py 传出了男, 且只在 class 里所有用例开始前执行一次!!! .找到name .找到sex ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.05 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
scope="module"
fixture为module时,在当前.py脚本里面所有用例开始前只执行一次。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | import pytest ##test_fixture.py @pytest .fixture(scope = 'module' ) def test1(): ???? b = '男' ???? print ( '传出了%s, 且在当前py文件下执行一次!!!' % b) ???? return b def test3(test1): ???? name = '男' ???? print ( '找到name' ) ???? assert test1 = = name class TestCase: ???? def test4( self , test1): ???????? sex = '男' ???????? print ( '找到sex' ) ???????? assert test1 = = sex if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) 输出结果: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 2 items test_fixture.py 传出了男, 且在当前py文件下执行一次!!! .找到sex .找到name ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
scope="session"
fixture为session级别是可以跨.py模块调用的,也就是当我们有多个.py文件的用例的时候,如果多个用例只需调用一次fixture,那就可以设置为scope="session",并且写到conftest.py文件里。
conftest.py文件名称时固定的,pytest会自动识别该文件。放到项目的根目录下就可以全局调用了,如果放到某个package下,那就在改package内有效。
文件目录为
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | import pytest # conftest.py @pytest .fixture(scope = 'session' ) def test1(): ???? sex = '男' ???? print ( '获取到%s' % sex) ???? return sex |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | import pytest # test_fixture.py def test3(test1): ???? name = '男' ???? print ( '找到name' ) ???? assert test1 = = name if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | import pytest # test_fixture1.py class TestCase: ???? def test4( self , test1): ???????? sex = '男' ???????? print ( '找到sex' ) ???????? assert test1 = = sex if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ]) |
如果需要同时执行两个py文件,可以在cmd中在文件py文件所在目录下执行命令:pytest -s test_fixture.py test_fixture1.py
执行结果为:
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.0, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.7.0, pluggy-0.8.0
rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:
collected 2 items
test_fixture.py 获取到男
找到name
.
test_fixture1.py 找到sex
.
============================================== 2 passed in 0.05 seconds ===============================================
调用fixture的三种方法
1.函数或类里面方法直接传fixture的函数参数名称
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | import pytest # test_fixture1.py @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? print ( '\n开始执行function' ) def test_a(test1): ???? print ( '---用例a执行---' ) class TestCase: ???? def test_b( self , test1): ???????? print ( '---用例b执行' ) 输出结果: test_fixture1.py 开始执行function . - - - 用例a执行 - - - 开始执行function . - - - 用例b执行 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.05 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
2.使用装饰器@pytest.mark.usefixtures()修饰需要运行的用例
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 | import pytest # test_fixture1.py @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? print ( '\n开始执行function' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' ) def test_a(): ???? print ( '---用例a执行---' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' ) class TestCase: ???? def test_b( self ): ???????? print ( '---用例b执行---' ) ???? def test_c( self ): ???????? print ( '---用例c执行---' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ]) 输出结果: platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 3 items test_fixture1.py 开始执行function . - - - 用例a执行 - - - 开始执行function . - - - 用例b执行 - - - 开始执行function . - - - 用例c执行 - - - ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 3 passed in 0.06 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
叠加usefixtures
如果一个方法或者一个class用例想要同时调用多个fixture,可以使用@pytest.mark.usefixture()进行叠加。注意叠加顺序,先执行的放底层,后执行的放上层。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 | import pytest # test_fixture1.py @pytest .fixture() def test1(): ???? print ( '\n开始执行function1' ) @pytest .fixture() def test2(): ???? print ( '\n开始执行function2' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test2' ) def test_a(): ???? print ( '---用例a执行---' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test2' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'test1' ) class TestCase: ???? def test_b( self ): ???????? print ( '---用例b执行---' ) ???? def test_c( self ): ???????? print ( '---用例c执行---' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ]) 输出结果: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 3 items test_fixture1.py 开始执行function2 开始执行function1 . - - - 用例a执行 - - - 开始执行function1 开始执行function2 . - - - 用例b执行 - - - 开始执行function1 开始执行function2 . - - - 用例c执行 - - - ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 3 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
usefixtures与传fixture区别
如果fixture有返回值,那么usefixture就无法获取到返回值,这个是装饰器usefixture与用例直接传fixture参数的区别。
当fixture需要用到return出来的参数时,只能讲参数名称直接当参数传入,不需要用到return出来的参数时,两种方式都可以。
fixture自动使用autouse=True
当用例很多的时候,每次都传这个参数,会很麻烦。fixture里面有个参数autouse,默认是False没开启的,可以设置为True开启自动使用fixture功能,这样用例就不用每次都去传参了
autouse设置为True,自动调用fixture功能
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 | import pytest # test_fixture1.py @pytest .fixture(scope = 'module' , autouse = True ) def test1(): ???? print ( '\n开始执行module' ) @pytest .fixture(scope = 'class' , autouse = True ) def test2(): ???? print ( '\n开始执行class' ) @pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' , autouse = True ) def test3(): ???? print ( '\n开始执行function' ) def test_a(): ???? print ( '---用例a执行---' ) def test_d(): ???? print ( '---用例d执行---' ) class TestCase: ???? def test_b( self ): ???????? print ( '---用例b执行---' ) ???? def test_c( self ): ???????? print ( '---用例c执行---' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'test_fixture1.py' ]) 输出结果: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\exercise, inifile:collected 4 items test_fixture1.py 开始执行module 开始执行 class 开始执行function . - - - 用例a执行 - - - 开始执行 class 开始执行function . - - - 用例d执行 - - - 开始执行 class 开始执行function . - - - 用例b执行 - - - 开始执行function . - - - 用例c执行 - - - ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] |
conftest.py的作用范围
一个工程下可以建多个conftest.py的文件,一般在工程根目录下设置的conftest文件起到全局作用。在不同子目录下也可以放conftest.py的文件,作用范围只能在改层级以及以下目录生效。
项目实例:
目录结构:
1.conftest在不同的层级间的作用域不一样
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 | # conftest层级展示/conftest.py import pytest @pytest .fixture(scope = 'session' , autouse = True ) def login(): ???? print ( '----准备登录----' ) # conftest层级展示/sougou_login/conftest import pytest @pytest .fixture(scope = 'session' , autouse = True ) def bai_du(): ???? print ( '-----登录百度页面-----' ) # conftest层级展示/sougou_login/login_website import pytest class TestCase: ???? def test_login( self ): ???????? print ( 'hhh,成功登录百度' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'login_website.py' ]) 输出结果: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\conftest层级演示\sougou_login, inifile:collected 1 item login_website.py - - - - 准备登录 - - - - - - - - - 登录百度页面 - - - - - .hhh,成功登录百度 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 passed in 0.03 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
2.conftest是不能跨模块调用的(这里没有使用模块调用)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 | # conftest层级演示/log/contfest.py import pytest @pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' , autouse = True ) def log_web(): ???? print ( '打印页面日志成功' ) # conftest层级演示/log/log_website.py import pytest def test_web(): ???? print ( 'hhh,成功一次打印日志' ) def test_web1(): ???? print ( 'hhh,成功两次打印日志' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : ???? pytest.main([ '-s' , 'log_website.py' ]) 输出结果: = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = test session starts = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = platform win32 - - Python 3.7 . 0 , pytest - 4.0 . 2 , py - 1.7 . 0 , pluggy - 0.8 . 0 rootdir: C:\Program Files\PycharmProjects\conftest层级演示\log, inifile: collected 2 items log_website.py - - - - 准备登录 - - - - 打印页面日志成功 hhh,成功一次打印日志 .打印页面日志成功 hhh,成功两次打印日志 . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.02 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = |
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