实验环境以下两表:
use kgc;
create table location (Region char(20),Store_Name char(20));
insert into location values('East','Boston');
insert into location values('East','New York');
insert into location values('West','Los Angeles');
insert into location values('West','Houston');
location 表格
+----------+--------------+
| Region | Store_Name |
|----------+--------------|
| East | Boston |
| East | New York |
| West | Los Angeles |
| West | Houston |
+----------+--------------+
create table store_info (Store_Name char(20),Sales int(10),Date char(10));
insert into store_info values('Los Angeles','1500','2020-12-05');
insert into store_info values('Houston','250','2020-12-07');
insert into store_info values('Los Angeles','300','2020-12-08');
insert into store_info values('Boston','700','2020-12-08');
Store_Info 表格
+--------------+---------+------------+
| Store_Name | Sales | Date |
|--------------+---------+------------|
| Los Angeles | 1500 | 2020-12-05 |
| Houston | 250 | 2020-12-07 |
| Los Angeles | 300 | 2020-12-08 |
| Boston | 700 | 2020-12-08 |
+--------------+---------+------------+
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名";
SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
语法:SELECT DISTINCT "字段" FROM "表名";
SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "条件";
SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info WHERE Sales > 1000;
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "条件1" {[AND|OR] "条件2"}+ ;
SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info WHERE Sales > 1000 OR (Sales < 500 AND Sales > 200);
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" IN ('值1', '值2', ...);
SELECT * FROM Store_Info WHERE Store_Name IN ('Los Angeles', 'Houston');
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" BETWEEN '值1' AND '值2';
SELECT * FROM Store_Info WHERE Date BETWEEN '2020-12-06' AND '2020-12-10';
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" LIKE {模式};
SELECT * FROM Store_Info WHERE Store_Name like '%os%';
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" [WHERE "条件"] ORDER BY "字段" [ASC, DESC];
SELECT Store_Name,Sales,Date FROM Store_Info ORDER BY Sales DESC;
SELECT abs(-1), rand(), mod(5,3), power(2,3), round(1.89);
SELECT round(1.8937,3), truncate(1.235,2), ceil(5.2), floor(2.1), least(1.89,3,6.1,2.1);
SELECT concat(Region, Store_Name) FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'Boston';
#如sql_mode开启了PIPES_AS_CONCAT,"||"视为字符串的连接操作符而非或运算符,和字符串的拼接函数Concat相类似,这和Oracle数据库使用方法一样的
SELECT Region || ' ' || Store_Name FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'Boston';SELECT substr(Store_Name,3) FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'Los Angeles';
SELECT substr(Store_Name,2,4) FROM location WHERE Store_Name = 'New York';SELECT TRIM ([ [位置] [要移除的字符串] FROM ] 字符串);
#[位置]:的值可以为 LEADING (起头), TRAILING (结尾), BOTH (起头及结尾)。?
#[要移除的字符串]:从字串的起头、结尾,或起头及结尾移除的字符串。缺省时为空格。SELECT TRIM(LEADING 'Ne' FROM 'New York');
SELECT Region,length(Store_Name) FROM location;
SELECT REPLACE(Region,'ast','astern')FROM location;
对GROUP BY后面的字段的查询结果进行汇总分组,通常是结合聚合函数一起使用的GROUP BY 有一个原则,凡是在 GROUP BY 后面出现的字段,必须在 SELECT 后面出现;凡是在 SELECT 后面出现的、且未在聚合函数中出现的字段,必须出现在 GROUP BY 后面。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 语法:SELECT "字段1", SUM("字段2") FROM "表名" GROUP BY "字段1";
如:SELECT Store_Name, SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Info GROUP BY Store_Name ORDER BY sales desc;
用来过滤由 GROUP BY 语句返回的记录集,通常与 GROUP BY 语句联合使用
HAVING 语句的存在弥补了 WHERE 关键字不能与聚合函数联合使用的不足。
语法:SELECT "字段1", SUM("字段2") FROM "表格名" GROUP BY "字段1" HAVING (函数条件);
如:SELECT Store_Name, SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Info GROUP BY Store_Name HAVING SUM(Sales) > 1500;
字段別名 表格別名
语法:SELECT "表格別名"."字段1" [AS] "字段別名" FROM "表格名" [AS] "表格別名";
如:SELECT A.Store_Name Store, SUM(A.Sales) "Total Sales" FROM Store_Info A GROUP BY A.Store_Name;
连接表格,在WHERE 子句或 HAVING 子句中插入另一个 SQL 语句
语法:SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格1" WHERE "字段2" [比较运算符] ?? ??? ??? ??? ?#外查询
(SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件");?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?#内查询
可以是符号的运算符,例如 =、>、<、>=、<= ;也可以是文字的运算符。
用来测试内查询有没有产生任何结果,类似布尔值是否为真。如果有的话,系统就会执行外查询中的SQL语句。若是没有的话,那整个 SQL 语句就不会产生任何结果。
语法:SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格1" WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件");
如:SELECT SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Info WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM location WHERE Region = 'West');
location 表格
+----------+--------------+
| Region | Store_Name |
|----------+--------------|
| East | Boston |
| East | New York |
| West | Los Angeles |
| West | Houston |
+----------+--------------+
UPDATE Store_Info SET store_name='Washington' WHERE sales=300;
Store_Info 表格
+--------------+---------+------------+
| Store_Name | Sales | Date |
|--------------+---------+------------|
| Los Angeles | 1500 | 2020-12-05 |
| Houston | 250 | 2020-12-07 |
| Washington | 300 | 2020-12-08 |
| Boston | 700 | 2020-12-08 |
+--------------+---------+------------+
SELECT * FROM location A RIGHT JOIN Store_Info B on A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name ;
SELECT * FROM location A LEFT JOIN Store_Info B on A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name ;
内连接一:
SELECT * FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B on A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name ;
内连接二:
SELECT * FROM location A, Store_Info B WHERE A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name;
SELECT A.Region REGION, SUM(B.Sales) SALES FROM location A, Store_Info B
WHERE A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name GROUP BY REGION;
自我连接,算排名:
+----------+-------+
| name | score |
+----------+-------+
| lisi | 100 |
| zhaoliu | 90 |
| wangwu | 80 |
| zhangsan | 70 |
+----------+-------+
分组汇总后统计 score 字段的值是比自己本身的值小的以及 score 字段 和 name 字段都相同的数量
SELECT A.name, A.score, count(B.score) rank FROM class A, class B
WHERE A.score < B.score OR (A.score = B.score AND A.Name = B.Name)
GROUP BY A.name, A.score ORDER BY rank;
联集,将两个SQL语句的结果合并起来,两个SQL语句所产生的字段需要是同样的数据记录种类
UNION :生成结果的数据记录值将没有重复,且按照字段的顺序进行排序
语法:[SELECT 语句 1] UNION [SELECT 语句 2];
UNION ALL :将生成结果的数据记录值都列出来,无论有无重复
语法:[SELECT 语句 1] UNION ALL [SELECT 语句 2];
SELECT Store_Name FROM location UNION SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
SELECT Store_Name FROM location UNION ALL SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info;
取两个SQL语句结果的交集
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B ON A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name;
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name);
#取两个SQL语句结果的交集,且没有重复
SELECT DISTINCT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name);
SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM location WHERE (Store_Name) IN (SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info);
SELECT DISTINCT A.Store_Name FROM location A LEFT JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name) WHERE B.Store_Name IS NOT NULL;
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM (SELECT B.Store_Name FROM location B INNER JOIN Store_Info C ON B.Store_Name = C.Store_Name) A
GROUP BY A.Store_Name;
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM
(SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM location UNION ALL SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM Store_Info) A
GROUP BY A.Store_Name HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
显示第一个SQL语句的结果,且与第二个SQL语句没有交集的结果,且没有重复
SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM location WHERE (Store_Name) NOT IN (SELECT Store_Name FROM Store_Info);
SELECT DISTINCT A.Store_Name FROM location A LEFT JOIN Store_Info B USING(Store_Name) WHERE B.Store_Name IS NULL;
SELECT A.Store_Name FROM
(SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM location UNION ALL SELECT DISTINCT Store_Name FROM Store_Info) A
GROUP BY A.Store_Name HAVING COUNT(*) = 1;
内连接
select A.字段 from 左表 as A inner join 右表 as B ?on ?A.字段 = B.字段;
select A.字段 from 左表 as A inner join 右表 as B ?using(同名字段);左/右连接
select A.字段 from 左表 as A left join 右表 as B ?on ?A.字段 = B.字段 where B.字段 is not null;
select B.字段 from 左表 as A right join 右表 as B ?on ?A.字段 = B.字段 where A.字段 is not null;多表查询
select A.字段 from 左表 A, 右表 B where A.字段 = B.字段;子查询
select A.字段 from 左表 A where A.字段 in (select B.字段 from 右表 B);分组统计
select A.字段,count(字段) from (select distinct 字段 from 左表 union all select distinct 字段 from 右表) A group by A.字段 having count(字段) > 1;
求左表无交集
select A.字段 from 左表 as A left join 右表 as B ?on ?A.字段 = B.字段 where B.字段 is null;select A.字段 from 左表 A where A.字段 not in (select B.字段 from 右表 B);
求右表无交集
select B.字段 from 左表 as A right join 右表 as B ?on ?A.字段 = B.字段 where A.字段 is null;select B.字段 from 右表 B where B.字段 in (select A.字段 from 左表 A);
求两个表无交集
select A.字段 from 左表 as A left join 右表 as B ?on ?A.字段 = B.字段 where B.字段 is null?
union?
select B.字段 from 左表 as A right join 右表 as B ?on ?A.字段 = B.字段 where A.字段 is null;select A.字段 from (select distinct 字段 from 左表 union all select distinct 字段 from 右表) A group by A.字段 having count(A.字段) = 1;
create view ?视图表名 ?as select distinct 字段 from 左表 union all select distinct 字段 from 右表;
select 字段 from 视图表名 group by 字段 having count(字段) = 1;create view ?视图表名 ?as ?select语句;
视图,可以被当作是虚拟表或存储查询。视图跟表格的不同是,表格中有实际储存数据记录,而视图是建立在表格之上的一个架构,它本身并不实际储存数据记录。临时表在用户退出或同数据库的连接断开后就自动消失了,而视图不会消失。视图不含有数据,只存储它的定义,它的用途一般可以简化复杂的查询。比如你要对几个表进行连接查询,而且还要进行统计排序等操作,写SQL语句会很麻烦的,用视图将几个表联结起来,然后对这个视图进行查询操作,就和对一个表查询一样,很方便。
语法:CREATE VIEW "视图表名" AS "SELECT 语句";
CREATE VIEW V_REGION_SALES AS SELECT A.Region REGION,SUM(B.Sales) SALES FROM location A?
INNER JOIN Store_Info B ON A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name GROUP BY REGION;SELECT * FROM V_REGION_SALES;
DROP VIEW V_REGION_SALES;
视图表保存的是select查询语句的定义。如果select语句查询的字段是没有被处理过的源表字段,则可以通过视图表修改源表数据。如果select语句查询的字段被 group by 或 函数 等处理过的字段,则不可以直接修改视图表的数据。
是 SQL 用来做为 IF-THEN-ELSE 之类逻辑的关键字
语法:
SELECT CASE ("字段名")
? WHEN "条件1" THEN "结果1"
? WHEN "条件2" THEN "结果2"
? ...
? [ELSE "结果N"]
? END
FROM "表名";# "条件" 可以是一个数值或是公式。 ELSE 子句则并不是必须的。
SELECT Store_Name, CASE Store_Name?
? WHEN 'Los Angeles' THEN Sales * 2?
? WHEN 'Boston' THEN 2000
? ELSE Sales?
? END?
"New Sales",Date?
FROM Store_Info;#"New Sales" 是用于 CASE 那个字段的字段名。
1.无值的长度为 0,不占用空间的;而 NULL 值的长度是 NULL,是占用空间的。
2.IS NULL 或者 IS NOT NULL,是用来判断字段是不是为 NULL 或者不是 NULL,不能查出是不是无值的。
3.无值的判断使用=''或者<>''来处理。<> 代表不等于。?
4.在通过 count()指定字段统计有多少行数时,如果遇到 NULL 值会自动忽略掉,遇到无值会加入到记录中进行计算。
匹配模式 | 描述 | 实例 |
---|---|---|
^ | 匹配文本的开始字符 | ‘^bd’ 匹配以 bd 开头的字符串 |
$ | 匹配文本的结束字符 | ?‘qn$’ 匹配以 qn 结尾的字符串 |
. | 匹配任何单个字符 | ?‘s.t’ 匹配任何 s 和 t 之间有一个字符的字符串 |
* | 匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符 | ?‘fo*t’ 匹配 t 前面有任意个 o |
+ | 匹配前面的字符 1 次或多次 | ‘hom+’ 匹配以 ho 开头,后面至少一个m 的字符串 |
字符串 | 匹配包含指定的字符串 | ?‘clo’ 匹配含有 clo 的字符串 |
p1|p2 | 匹配 p1 或 p2 | ?‘bg|fg’ 匹配 bg 或者 fg |
[...] ?? | 匹配字符集合中的任意一个字符 | ‘[abc]’ 匹配 a 或者 b 或者 c |
[^...] | 匹配不在括号中的任何字符 | ?‘[^ab]’ 匹配不包含 a 或者 b 的字符串 |
{n} | 匹配前面的字符串 n 次 | ‘g{2}’ 匹配含有 2 个 g 的字符串 |
{n,m}? | 匹配前面的字符串至少 n 次,至多m 次? | ‘f{1,3}’ 匹配 f 最少 1 次,最多 3 次 |
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" REGEXP {模式};? ? ?如:
存储过程是一组为了完成特定功能的SQL语句集合。存储过程在使用过程中是将常用或者复杂的工作预先使用SQL语句写好并用一个指定的名称存储起来,这个过程经编译和优化后存储在数据库服务器中。当需要使用该存储过程时,只需要调用它即可。存储过程在执行上比传统SQL速度更快、执行效率更高。
DELIMITER $$ #将语句的结束符号从分号;临时改为两个$$(可以是自定义)
CREATE PROCEDURE Proc() #创建存储过程,过程名为Proc,不带参数
-> BEGIN #过程体以关键字 BEGIN 开始
-> select * from Store_Info; #过程体语句
-> END $$ #过程体以关键字 END 结束
DELIMITER ; #将语句的结束符号恢复为分号
CALL Proc;
SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE [数据库.]存储过程名; #查看某个存储过程的具体信息
SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE Proc;
SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS [LIKE '%Proc%'] \G
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE Proc1(IN inname CHAR(16))
-> BEGIN
-> SELECT * FROM Store_Info WHERE Store_Name = inname;
-> END $$
DELIMITER ;
CALL Proc1('Boston');
delimiter $$
mysql> create procedure proc3(in myname char(10), out outname int)
-> begin
-> select sales into outname from t1 where name = myname;
-> end $$
delimiter ;
call proc3('yzh', @out_sales);
select @out_sales;
delimiter $$
mysql> create procedure proc4(inout insales int)
-> begin
-> select count(sales) into insales from t1 where sales < insales;
-> end $$
delimiter ;
set @inout_sales=1000;
call proc4(@inout_sales);
select @inout_sales;
存储过程内容的修改方法是通过删除原有存储过程,之后再以相同的名称创建新的存储过程。如果要修改存储过程的名称,可以先删除原存储过程,再以不同的命名创建新的存储过程。
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS Proc;?? ??? ?#仅当存在时删除,不添加 IF EXISTS 时,如果指定的过程不存在,则产生一个错误
条件语句if-then-else ···· end if
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE proc2(IN pro int)
-> begin
-> declare var int;
-> set var=pro*2;
-> if var>=10 then
-> update t set id=id+1;
-> else
-> update t set id=id-1;
-> end if;
-> end $$
DELIMITER ;
CALL Proc2(6);
循环语句while ···· end while
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE proc3()
-> begin
-> declare var int(10);
-> set var=0;
-> while var<6 do
-> insert into t values(var);
-> set var=var+1;
-> end while;
-> end $$
DELIMITER ;
CALL Proc3;