If m≥2 and n ≥2 are integers, then there is a positive integer p such that Kp → Km,Kn. a. If Kp → Km,Kn, for any integer q ≥ p, Kq → Km,Kn. b. The Ramsey number r (m, n) is the smallest integer p such that Kp → Km,Kn. e.g., r(3,3) = 6.
3章-Permutations and combinations排列与组合
3-1Addition and multiplication principle加法和乘法原理
A有n种B有m种,既A又B有nm种,A或B有n+m种
3-2Permutations of sets集合置换
r-排列数 P(n,r) =n!/(n-r)!,也就是n种前r大的数相乘
对象排一排叫linear permutations,排一圈叫circular permutations,The number of circular r-permutations of a set of n elements is given by P(n,r)/r
对称群包括n元循环群(a cyclic group of order n,ρnk)(rotations acting),和对称操作的置换群(reflections acting,rk) 点/边置换群就是点/边的排列
GC = {ρn0=l, ρn, ρn2,…, ρnn-1, r1, r2, …, rn} of 2n permutations of {1, 2, …, n} is an instance of a dihedral group of order 2n ( {1,2,…,n}的2n个排列GC是2n阶二面体群的一个例子 )
5.Coloring,f*c问题
所以1->2的置换是:1去到2的位置(而不是2填上1的位置)
置换f有两行,可以理解为动作;实际颜色c只有一行,意思是结果,这两者不一样
6.稳定剂/稳定核(Stabilizer ):
颜色等价:c1经过f能变为c2,则等价;
G( c ) = {f: f in G, f*c = c}是G对c的Stabilizer ,让c继续保持原样的置换集合,是一个置换群