opengl日记19-opengl文字渲染-教程示例

Author: wencoo
Blog：https://wencoo.blog.csdn.net/
Date: 18/01/2024
Email: jianwen056@aliyun.com
Wechat：wencoo824
QQ：1419440391
Details:

目录

正文 或 背景

前些天发现了一个巨牛的人工智能学习网站，通俗易懂，风趣幽默，忍不住分享一下给大家。点击跳转到网站。

该教程是文字渲染的实现，不多说，直接上代码

CMakeLists.txt

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)

project(Camera )

set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)

find_package(glfw3 REQUIRED)
find_package(GLEW REQUIRED)
include_directories(
    /usr/include/freetype2
)

message("PROJECT_NAME:${PROJECT_NAME}")
file(GLOB project_file glad.c main.cpp Shader.h )

add_executable(${PROJECT_NAME} ${project_file})

target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME}
    -lglfw
    -lGL
    -lm
    -lXrandr
    -lX11
    -lpthread
    -ldl

    freetype GLEW::GLEW 
    )

main.cpp

// System Headers
// #include <glad/glad.h>
// #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

// // Standard Headers
// #include <cstdio>
// #include <cstdlib>
// #include <iostream>


// #include FT_FREETYPE_H 
// Std. Includes
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <string>
// GLEW
#define GLEW_STATIC
#include <GL/glew.h>
// GLFW
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
// GLM
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
// FreeType
//字体库头文件
#include <ft2build.h>
#include <freetype/config/ftheader.h>
#include FT_FREETYPE_H
// GL includes
#include "Shader.h"

// Properties
const GLuint WIDTH = 800, HEIGHT = 600;

/// Holds all state information relevant to a character as loaded using FreeType
struct Character {
    GLuint TextureID;   // ID handle of the glyph texture
    glm::ivec2 Size;    // Size of glyph
    glm::ivec2 Bearing;  // Offset from baseline to left/top of glyph
    GLuint Advance;    // Horizontal offset to advance to next glyph
};

std::map<GLchar, Character> Characters;
GLuint VAO, VBO;

void RenderText(Shader &shader, std::string text, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat scale, glm::vec3 color);

// The MAIN function, from here we start our application and run the Game loop
int main()
{
    // Init GLFW
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GL_FALSE);

    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", nullptr, nullptr); // Windowed
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

    // Initialize GLEW to setup the OpenGL Function pointers
    glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
    glewInit();

    // Define the viewport dimensions
    glViewport(0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);

    // Set OpenGL options
    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);

    // Compile and setup the shader
    Shader shader("../vertexShaderSource.vs", "../fragmentShaderSource.fs");
    glm::mat4 projection = glm::ortho(0.0f, static_cast<GLfloat>(WIDTH), 0.0f, static_cast<GLfloat>(HEIGHT));
    shader.Use();
    glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));

    // FreeType
    FT_Library ft;
    // All functions return a value different than 0 whenever an error occurred
    if (FT_Init_FreeType(&ft))
        std::cout << "ERROR::FREETYPE: Could not init FreeType Library" << std::endl;

    // Load font as face
    FT_Face face;
    if (FT_New_Face(ft, "../Alibaba_PuHuiTi_2.0_75_SemiBold_75_SemiBold.ttf", 0, &face))
        std::cout << "ERROR::FREETYPE: Failed to load font" << std::endl;

    // Set size to load glyphs as
    FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes(face, 0, 48);

    // Disable byte-alignment restriction
    glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1); 

    // Load first 128 characters of ASCII set
    for (GLubyte c = 0; c < 128; c++)
    {
        // Load character glyph 
        if (FT_Load_Char(face, c, FT_LOAD_RENDER))
        {
            std::cout << "ERROR::FREETYTPE: Failed to load Glyph" << std::endl;
            continue;
        }
        // Generate texture
        GLuint texture;
        glGenTextures(1, &texture);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
        glTexImage2D(
            GL_TEXTURE_2D,
            0,
            GL_RED,
            face->glyph->bitmap.width,
            face->glyph->bitmap.rows,
            0,
            GL_RED,
            GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
            face->glyph->bitmap.buffer
        );
        // Set texture options
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
        // Now store character for later use
        Character character = {
            texture,
            glm::ivec2(face->glyph->bitmap.width, face->glyph->bitmap.rows),
            glm::ivec2(face->glyph->bitmap_left, face->glyph->bitmap_top),
            face->glyph->advance.x
        };
        Characters.insert(std::pair<GLchar, Character>(c, character));
    }
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
    // Destroy FreeType once we're finished
    FT_Done_Face(face);
    FT_Done_FreeType(ft);

    
    // Configure VAO/VBO for texture quads
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(GLfloat) * 6 * 4, NULL, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 4 * sizeof(GLfloat), 0);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
    glBindVertexArray(0);

    // Game loop
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // Check and call events
        glfwPollEvents();

        // Clear the colorbuffer
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

        RenderText(shader, "This is sample text", 25.0f, 25.0f, 1.0f, glm::vec3(0.5, 0.8f, 0.2f));
        RenderText(shader, "(C) LearnOpenGL.com", 540.0f, 570.0f, 0.5f, glm::vec3(0.3, 0.7f, 0.9f));
       
        // Swap the buffers
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
    }

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;
}

void RenderText(Shader &shader, std::string text, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat scale, glm::vec3 color)
{
    // Activate corresponding render state	
    shader.Use();
    glUniform3f(glGetUniformLocation(shader.Program, "textColor"), color.x, color.y, color.z);
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);

    // Iterate through all characters
    std::string::const_iterator c;
    for (c = text.begin(); c != text.end(); c++) 
    {
        Character ch = Characters[*c];

        GLfloat xpos = x + ch.Bearing.x * scale;
        GLfloat ypos = y - (ch.Size.y - ch.Bearing.y) * scale;

        GLfloat w = ch.Size.x * scale;
        GLfloat h = ch.Size.y * scale;
        // Update VBO for each character
        GLfloat vertices[6][4] = {
            { xpos,     ypos + h,   0.0, 0.0 },            
            { xpos,     ypos,       0.0, 1.0 },
            { xpos + w, ypos,       1.0, 1.0 },

            { xpos,     ypos + h,   0.0, 0.0 },
            { xpos + w, ypos,       1.0, 1.0 },
            { xpos + w, ypos + h,   1.0, 0.0 }           
        };
        // Render glyph texture over quad
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, ch.TextureID);
        // Update content of VBO memory
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
        glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(vertices), vertices); // Be sure to use glBufferSubData and not glBufferData
        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
        // Render quad
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
        // Now advance cursors for next glyph (note that advance is number of 1/64 pixels)
        x += (ch.Advance >> 6) * scale; // Bitshift by 6 to get value in pixels (2^6 = 64 (divide amount of 1/64th pixels by 64 to get amount of pixels))
    }
    glBindVertexArray(0);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
}

Shader.h

#ifndef SHADER_H
#define SHADER_H

#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>

#include <GL/glew.h>

class Shader
{
public:
    GLuint Program;
    // Constructor generates the shader on the fly
    Shader(const GLchar* vertexPath, const GLchar* fragmentPath)
    {
        // 1. Retrieve the vertex/fragment source code from filePath
        std::string vertexCode;
        std::string fragmentCode;
        std::ifstream vShaderFile;
        std::ifstream fShaderFile;
        // ensures ifstream objects can throw exceptions:
        vShaderFile.exceptions (std::ifstream::badbit);
        fShaderFile.exceptions (std::ifstream::badbit);
        try
        {
            // Open files
            vShaderFile.open(vertexPath);
            fShaderFile.open(fragmentPath);
            std::stringstream vShaderStream, fShaderStream;
            // Read file's buffer contents into streams
            vShaderStream << vShaderFile.rdbuf();
            fShaderStream << fShaderFile.rdbuf();
            // close file handlers
            vShaderFile.close();
            fShaderFile.close();
            // Convert stream into string
            vertexCode = vShaderStream.str();
            fragmentCode = fShaderStream.str();
			std::cout << "vertexCode:" << vertexCode << std::endl;
			std::cout << "fragmentCode:" << fragmentCode << std::endl;
        }
        catch (std::ifstream::failure e)
        {
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FILE_NOT_SUCCESFULLY_READ" << std::endl;
        }
        const GLchar* vShaderCode = vertexCode.c_str();
        const GLchar * fShaderCode = fragmentCode.c_str();
        // 2. Compile shaders
        GLuint vertex, fragment;
        GLint success;
        GLchar infoLog[512];
        // Vertex Shader
        vertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
        glShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vShaderCode, NULL);
        glCompileShader(vertex);
        // Print compile errors if any
        glGetShaderiv(vertex, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
        if (!success)
        {
            glGetShaderInfoLog(vertex, 512, NULL, infoLog);
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
        }
        // Fragment Shader
        fragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
        glShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fShaderCode, NULL);
        glCompileShader(fragment);
        // Print compile errors if any
        glGetShaderiv(fragment, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
        if (!success)
        {
            glGetShaderInfoLog(fragment, 512, NULL, infoLog);
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
        }
        // Shader Program
        this->Program = glCreateProgram();
        glAttachShader(this->Program, vertex);
        glAttachShader(this->Program, fragment);
        glLinkProgram(this->Program);
        // Print linking errors if any
        glGetProgramiv(this->Program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
        if (!success)
        {
            glGetProgramInfoLog(this->Program, 512, NULL, infoLog);
            std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
        }
        // Delete the shaders as they're linked into our program now and no longer necessery
        glDeleteShader(vertex);
        glDeleteShader(fragment);

    }
    // Uses the current shader
    void Use() 
    { 
        glUseProgram(this->Program); 
    }
};

#endif

fragmentShaderSource.fs

#version 330 core
in vec2 TexCoords;
out vec4 color;

uniform sampler2D text;
uniform vec3 textColor;

void main()
{    
    vec4 sampled = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, texture(text, TexCoords).r);
    color = vec4(textColor, 1.0) * sampled;
}  

vertexShaderSource.vs

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec4 vertex; // <vec2 pos, vec2 tex>
out vec2 TexCoords;

uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    gl_Position = projection * vec4(vertex.xy, 0.0, 1.0);
    TexCoords = vertex.zw;
}  

正确编译完成之后，需要在有显示器的桌面上进行运行，然后查看实现效果。

由于笔者的水平有限， 加之编写的同时还要参与开发工作，文中难免会出现一些错误或者不准确的地方，恳请读者批评指正。如果读者有任何宝贵意见，可以加我微信 wencoo824。QQ：1419440391。

参考

• 文字渲染

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