MySQL运维实战（1.1）安装部署：使用RPM进行安装部署

作者：俊达

我们在生产环境部署mysql时，一般很少使用RedHat Package Manager(RedHat软件包管理工具)。用rpm或或者其他包管理器安装mysql有其好处，例如安装简单，并且许多系统可能已经自带了某个版本的MySQL。
当然，使用RPM安装也存在一些缺点：
1、rpm依赖包的问题。如果删除线上机器的冲突包，可能引起其他软件运行异常。
2、多版本管理不方便。升级mysql或降级mysql不方便。无法多个版本同时运行。
3、单机多实例管理不方便。

但是，对于我们数据库管理员，需要掌握如何使用rpm包安装mysql。因为很可能需要处理用这种方式安装的mysql遇到的一些问题，如数据库无法启动、默认路径空间占满，需要将数据需要换到别的磁盘、调整参数等。

1 环境

CentOS 7.9

[root@box1 software]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)

[root@box1 software]# uname -a
Linux box1 3.10.0-1160.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Oct 19 16:18:59 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

2 RPM安装

2.1下载RPM安装包

到官网https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/下载社区版，历史版本点击“Archives”下载。

建议选择下载 RPM Bundle包，里面包含了需要的各个rpm包解压bundle包，可以看到里面的rpm包

# tar xf mysql-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar -C rpm/5.7/
#

[root@box1 5.7]# ls -lh
总用量 1.1G
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  518M 9月  25 2020 mysql-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415  26M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-client-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415 308K 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-common-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415 3.8M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-devel-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415  46M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-embedded-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415  23M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415 125M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-embedded-devel-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415 2.4M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-libs-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415 1.3M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415 174M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-server-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
-rw-r--r--. 1 7155 31415 120M 9月  25 2020 mysql-community-test-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

2.2安装rpm包

需要安装mysql-community-server, mysql-community-common, mysql-community-client, mysql-community-libs这些包

[root@box1 5.7]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-client-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-common-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-server-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-libs-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
警告：mysql-community-client-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, 密钥 ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
错误：依赖检测失败：
	mariadb-libs 被 mysql-community-libs-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64 取代

2.3卸载冲突的包

安装报错，因为系统里已经安装了mariadb相关lib，需要先将这些lib卸载

[root@box1 5.7]# rpm -qa | grep maria
mariadb-devel-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64
mariadb-libs-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64

[root@box1 5.7]# rpm -evf mariadb-devel-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64 mariadb-libs-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64
错误：依赖检测失败：
	libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit) 被 (已安裝) net-snmp-agent-libs-1:5.7.2-49.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit) 被 (已安裝) net-snmp-1:5.7.2-49.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit) 被 (已安裝) postfix-2:2.10.1-9.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit) 被 (已安裝) qt-mysql-1:4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit) 被 (已安裝) qt5-qtbase-mysql-5.9.7-4.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit) 被 (已安裝) qt3-MySQL-3.3.8b-51.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit) 被 (已安裝) MySQL-python-1.2.5-1.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit) 被 (已安裝) net-snmp-agent-libs-1:5.7.2-49.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit) 被 (已安裝) postfix-2:2.10.1-9.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit) 被 (已安裝) qt-mysql-1:4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit) 被 (已安裝) qt5-qtbase-mysql-5.9.7-4.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit) 被 (已安裝) qt3-MySQL-3.3.8b-51.el7.x86_64 需要
	libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit) 被 (已安裝) MySQL-python-1.2.5-1.el7.x86_64 需要
	mysql-libs 被 (已安裝) net-snmp-1:5.7.2-49.el7.x86_64 需要

### 加--nodeps强制卸载mariadb lib
[root@box1 5.7]# rpm -ev --nodeps mariadb-devel-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64 mariadb-libs-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64
软件包准备中...
mariadb-devel-1:5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64
mariadb-libs-1:5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64

卸载完mariadb lib包之后重新安装

[root@box1 5.7]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-client-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-common-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-server-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm mysql-community-libs-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
警告：mysql-community-client-5.7.32-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, 密钥 ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
准备中...                          ################################# [100%]
正在升级/安装...
   1:mysql-community-common-5.7.32-1.e################################# [ 25%]
   2:mysql-community-libs-5.7.32-1.el7################################# [ 50%]
   3:mysql-community-client-5.7.32-1.e################################# [ 75%]
   4:mysql-community-server-5.7.32-1.e################################# [100%]

2.4安装完之后的相关文件

/usr/bin目录下，主要是mysql相关的客户端命令、管理命令

[root@box1 5.7]# ls /usr/bin/mysql*
/usr/bin/mysql        /usr/bin/mysqlcheck           /usr/bin/mysqldump      /usr/bin/mysql_install_db  /usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation  /usr/bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup
/usr/bin/mysqladmin   /usr/bin/mysql_config_editor  /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow  /usr/bin/mysql_plugin      /usr/bin/mysqlshow                  /usr/bin/mysql_tzinfo_to_sql
/usr/bin/mysqlbinlog  /usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd   /usr/bin/mysqlimport    /usr/bin/mysqlpump         /usr/bin/mysqlslap                  /usr/bin/mysql_upgrade

/usr/sbin
mysqld，mysql服务器的可执行文件

[root@box1 5.7]# ls /usr/sbin/mysql*
/usr/sbin/mysqld  /usr/sbin/mysqld-debug

/usr/lib64/mysql
mysql client lib和plugin lib

[root@box1 5.7]# ls /usr/lib64/mysql/
libmysqlclient.so.20  libmysqlclient.so.20.3.19  mecab  plugin

/usr/share/mysql
主要是mysql字符集和error msg相关文件

[root@box1 5.7]# ls /usr/share/mysql/
bulgarian  dictionary.txt   estonian              greek                        italian   mysql-log-rotate              mysql_system_tables.sql       polish      serbian  ukrainian
charsets   dutch            fill_help_tables.sql  hungarian                    japanese  mysql_security_commands.sql   mysql_test_data_timezone.sql  portuguese  slovak   uninstall_rewriter.sql
czech      english          french                innodb_memcached_config.sql  korean    mysql_sys_schema.sql          norwegian                     romanian    spanish
danish     errmsg-utf8.txt  german                install_rewriter.sql         magic     mysql_system_tables_data.sql  norwegian-ny                  russian     swedish

/etc/my.cnf
配置文件
/var/lib/mysql
mysql数据文件

[root@box1 5.7]# ls /var/lib/mysql*
/var/lib/mysql:

/var/lib/mysql-files:

/var/lib/mysql-keyring:

启动脚本

• 服务启动文件 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mysqld.service
• 数据库初始化脚本 /usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd

3 启动mysql

使用service 启动mysql实例

[root@box1 5.7]# service mysqld start
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start mysqld.service

[root@box1 5.7]# ps -elf | grep mysqld
1 S mysql    12663     1  0  80   0 - 280540 poll_s 08:17 ?       00:00:00 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
0 S root     12959  2276  0  80   0 - 28206 pipe_w 08:21 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysqld

4 登陆mysql

第一次安装后，会生产mysql root账号的默认的临时密码，可以在/var/log/mysql.log中找到。
用临时密码登陆后，需要修改密码才能进行操作

[root@box1 5.7]# grep -i pass /var/log/mysqld.log
2021-03-31T12:14:47.169374Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: _0eaf&hyQ9Ha
2021-03-31T12:23:26.373529Z 2 [Note] Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)


[root@box1 5.7]# mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.32

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> select 1;
ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement.

mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'helloWorld#';
ERROR 1819 (HY000): Your password does not satisfy the current policy requirements
mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'helloWorld#123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select now();
+---------------------+
| now()               |
+---------------------+
| 2021-03-31 08:27:57 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5 关于mysql初始化

使用service启动mysql时，初次使用mysql，会执行脚本/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd进行初始化，
脚本里进行了几个重要操作

• 往mysql.plugin里添加validate_password插件
• 使用mysqld --initialize初始化mysql系统数据库
• 使用mysql_ssl_rsa_setup创建ssl证书文件

# more /usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd
...

install_validate_password_sql_file () {
    local initfile
    initfile="$(mktemp /var/lib/mysql-files/install-validate-password-plugin.XXXXXX.sql)"
    chmod a+r "$initfile"
    echo "SET @@SESSION.SQL_LOG_BIN=0;" > "$initfile"
    echo "INSERT INTO mysql.plugin (name, dl) VALUES ('validate_password', 'validate_password.so');" >> $initfile
    echo $initfile
}

...
    # If special mysql dir is in place, skip db install
    [ -d "$datadir/mysql" ] && exit 0

    # Create initial db and install validate_password plugin
    initfile="$(install_validate_password_sql_file)"
    /usr/sbin/mysqld ${instance:+--defaults-group-suffix=@$instance} --initialize \
                     --datadir="$datadir" --user=mysql --init-file="$initfile"
    rm -f "$initfile"

    # Generate certs if needed
    if [ -x /usr/bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup -a ! -e "${datadir}/server-key.pem" ] ; then
        /usr/bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup --datadir="$datadir" --uid=mysql >/dev/null 2>&1
    fi

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