??给定一个生成序列“The cat sat on the mat”和两个参考序列“The cat is on the mat”“The bird sat on the bush”分别计算BLEU-N和ROUGE-N得分(N=1或N =2时).
??设 𝒙 为模型生成的候选序列, s ( 1 ) , ? , s ( K ) \mathbf{s^{(1)}}, ? , \mathbf{s^{(K)}} s(1),?,s(K) 为一组参考序列,𝒲 为从生成的候选序列中提取所有N元组合的集合。BLEU算法的精度(Precision)定义如下:
P N ( x ) = ∑ w ∈ W min ? ( c w ( x ) , max ? k = 1 K c w ( s ( k ) ) ) ∑ w ∈ W c w ( x ) P_N(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{\sum_{w \in \mathcal{W}} \min(c_w(\mathbf{x}), \max_{k=1}^{K} c_w(\mathbf{s}^{(k)}))}{\sum_{w \in \mathcal{W}} c_w(\mathbf{x})} PN?(x)=∑w∈W?cw?(x)∑w∈W?min(cw?(x),maxk=1K?cw?(s(k)))?
其中 c w ( x ) c_w(\mathbf{x}) cw?(x) 是N元组合 w w w 在生成序列 x \mathbf{x} x中出现的次数, c w ( s ( k ) ) c_w(\mathbf{s}^{(k)}) cw?(s(k)) 是N元组合 w w w 在参考序列 s ( k ) \mathbf{s}^{(k)} s(k) 中出现的次数。
??为了处理生成序列长度短于参考序列的情况,引入长度惩罚因子 b ( x ) b(\mathbf{x}) b(x):
b ( x ) = { 1 if? l x > l s exp ? ( 1 ? l s l x ) if? l x ≤ l s b(\mathbf{x}) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } l_x > l_s \\ \exp\left(1 - \frac{l_s}{l_x}\right) & \text{if } l_x \leq l_s \end{cases} b(x)={1exp(1?lx?ls??)?if?lx?>ls?if?lx?≤ls??
其中 l x l_x lx? 是生成序列的长度, l s l_s ls? 是参考序列的最短长度。
??BLEU算法通过计算不同长度的N元组合的精度,并进行几何加权平均,得到最终的BLEU分数:
BLEU-N ( x ) = b ( x ) × exp ? ( ∑ N = 1 N ′ α N log ? P N ( x ) ) \text{BLEU-N}(\mathbf{x}) = b(\mathbf{x}) \times \exp\left( \sum_{N=1}^{N'} \alpha_N \log P_N(\mathbf{x})\right) BLEU-N(x)=b(x)×exp ?N=1∑N′?αN?logPN?(x) ?
其中 N ′ N' N′ 为最长N元组合的长度, α N \alpha_N αN? 是不同N元组合的权重,一般设为 1 / N ′ 1/N' 1/N′。
w w w | c w ( x ) c_w(\mathbf{x}) cw?(x) | c w ( s ( 1 ) ) c_w(\mathbf{s^{(1)}}) cw?(s(1)) | c w ( s ( 2 ) ) c_w(\mathbf{s^{(2)}}) cw?(s(2)) | max ? k = 1 K c w ( s ( k ) ) ) \max_{k=1}^{K} c_w(\mathbf{s}^{(k)})) maxk=1K?cw?(s(k))) | min ? ( c w ( x ) , max ? k = 1 K c w ( s ( k ) ) ) \min(c_w(\mathbf{x}), \max_{k=1}^{K} c_w(\mathbf{s}^{(k)})) min(cw?(x),maxk=1K?cw?(s(k))) |
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the cat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
cat sat | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
sat on | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
on the | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
the mat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
??为了处理生成序列长度短于参考序列的情况,引入长度惩罚因子 b ( x ) b(\mathbf{x}) b(x): b ( x ) = { 1 if? l x > l s exp ? ( 1 ? l s l x ) if? l x ≤ l s b(\mathbf{x}) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } l_x > l_s \\ \exp\left(1 - \frac{l_s}{l_x}\right) & \text{if } l_x \leq l_s \end{cases} b(x)={1exp(1?lx?ls??)?if?lx?>ls?if?lx?≤ls??其中 l x l_x lx? 是生成序列的长度, l s l_s ls? 是参考序列的最短长度。
??这里 l x = l s ( 1 ) = l s ( 2 ) = 6 l_x=l_{s^{(1)}}=l_{s^{(2)}}=6 lx?=ls(1)?=ls(2)?=6,因此 b ( x ) = e ( 1 ? l s l x ) = e 0 = 1 b(\mathbf{x}) =e^{\left( 1 - \frac{l_s}{l_x} \right)}=e^0=1 b(x)=e(1?lx?ls??)=e0=1
??BLEU算法通过计算不同长度的N元组合的精度,并进行几何加权平均,得到最终的BLEU分数:
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\text{BLEU-N}(\mathbf{x}) = b(\mathbf{x}) \times \exp\left(\frac{1}{N'} \sum_{N=1}^{N'} \alpha_N \log P_N(\mathbf{x})\right)
BLEU-N(x)=b(x)×exp
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\text{BLEU-N}(\mathbf{x}) = 1 \times\exp\left( \sum_{N=1}^{2} \frac{1}{2} \log P_N(\mathbf{x})\right)\\ =\exp\left(\frac{1}{2}\log P_1(\mathbf{x})+\frac{1}{2}\log P_2(\mathbf{x)}\right)\\ =\exp\left(\frac{1}{2}\log 1+\frac{1}{2}\log \frac{4}{5}\right)\\ =\exp\left(0+\log \sqrt\frac{4}{5}\right)\\ =\sqrt\frac{4}{5}
BLEU-N(x)=1×exp(N=1∑2?21?logPN?(x))=exp(21?logP1?(x)+21?logP2?(x))=exp(21?log1+21?log54?)=exp(0+log54??)=54??
main_string = 'the cat sat on the mat'
string1 = 'the cat is on the mat'
string2 = 'the bird sat on the bush'
# 计算单词
unique_words = set(main_string.split())
total_occurrences, matching_occurrences = 0, 0
for word in unique_words:
count_main_string = main_string.count(word)
total_occurrences += count_main_string
matching_occurrences += min(count_main_string, max(string1.count(word), string2.count(word)))
similarity_word = matching_occurrences / total_occurrences
print(f"N=1: {similarity_word}")
# 计算双词
word_tokens = main_string.split()
bigrams = set([f"{word_tokens[i]} {word_tokens[i + 1]}" for i in range(len(word_tokens) - 1)])
total_occurrences, matching_occurrences = 0, 0
for bigram in bigrams:
count_main_string = main_string.count(bigram)
total_occurrences += count_main_string
matching_occurrences += min(count_main_string, max(string1.count(bigram), string2.count(bigram)))
similarity_bigram = matching_occurrences / total_occurrences
print(f"N=2: {similarity_bigram}")
输出:
N=1: 1.0
N=2: 0.8