Docker 高级网络 - 自定义网桥实现容器间通信
发布时间：2023年12月27日
目录
一、容器间容通信
1.1、解释
简单来讲就是：容器间通过网络进行相互通信.
这里需要明确以下几个概念：
- 虚拟网桥：Docker 容器启动时，会在主机上创建一个 docker0 虚拟网桥，他会直接挂载到网口进行数据包的转发.
- 分配私有网段地址：Docker 启动时，会随机分配一个本地未被占用的私有网段中的一个地址给 docker0 接口.
- veth pair 接口：当创建一个 Docker 容器的时候，同时会创建一个 veth pair 接口（当数据包发送到一个接口时，另一个接口也可以受到相同的数据包）。这对接口一个端在容器内，名称以 eth 开头，另一端在本地挂载到 docker0 网桥，名称以 veth 开头。
通过这种方式，Docker 就创建了在主机和所有容器之间的一个虚拟共享网络，主机可以和容器通信，容器之间也可以相互通信。
举个简单的栗子：
a）主机和容器通信
创建一个 tomcat1 容器，同时就会自动创建一个 veth pair 接口，一个在容器内（假设名为 eth0），一个在虚拟网桥 docker0 上（假设名为 veth1）
接着创建一个 tomcat2 容器，同时就会自动创建一个 veth pair 接口，一个在容器内（假设名为 eth0），一个在虚拟网桥 docker0 上（假设名为 veth2）
假设 tomcat1 有数据需要传输到 tomcat2 上，tomcat1 就可以把数据先传输到?eth0，此时 veth1 也会收到相同的数据，然后再通过 虚拟网桥docker0 进行转发，将数据转发到 veth2 这个接口上，那么此时，tomcat2 容器中的 eth0 就会收到相同的数据.
注意事项：
默认 docker 在创建容器的时候所有容器都会连接到 docker0 网桥上.
而容器的通信方式有以下两种：
- 使用容器内 ip 地址进行通信.
- 使用容器名称作为 ip 地址通信，但必须是在自定义的网桥上，不能使用默认的 docker0.
第二点就类似于 ip 地址和域名的关系，容器名称就类似于域名.
1.2、网络相关操作指令
1.2.1、查看 docker 的网络列表
docker 中网络类型有三种：bridge、host、null。而咱们平时开发过程中主要就是使用 bridge 的方式进行网络通信.
通过如下操作就可以查看 docker 网络列表
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker network ls
NETWORK ID NAME DRIVER SCOPE
3be1ce6eea6f bridge bridge local
a1b8a8a8e372 host host local
38b4ab15453c none null local
- NETWORK ID：网桥的 ID
- NAME：网桥名称
- DRIVER：网桥的类型.
- SCOPE：网桥的作用域
1.2.2、创建网络自定义桥
docker netword create -d 网桥类型(不指定，默认是 bridge) 网络名称例如创建一个类型为 bridge，名称为 mynet1 的网络.
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker network create -d bridge mynet1
3e90c88738dde4c4da48424656e9385d524f8a62bf38694f1e93df406a7f1b5d
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]#
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker network ls
NETWORK ID NAME DRIVER SCOPE
3be1ce6eea6f bridge bridge local
a1b8a8a8e372 host host local
3e90c88738dd mynet1 bridge local
38b4ab15453c none null local
1.2.3、删除某一个网络
# 删除指定网络
docker network rm 网络名
# 删除所有未被使用的网络名
docker network prune 例如删除名称为 mynet1 的网络.
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker network rm mynet1
mynet1
1.2.4、查看某一个网络细节
例如查看 mynet1 的网络细节.
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker network inspect mynet1
[
{
"Name": "mynet1",
"Id": "e8f63b232df61a6a3a9be311bf117725f3069ec029a211412e798eedc6d7ee9c",
"Created": "2023-12-27T14:49:14.190862362+08:00",
"Scope": "local",
"Driver": "bridge",
"EnableIPv6": false,
"IPAM": {
"Driver": "default",
"Options": {},
"Config": [
{
"Subnet": "172.19.0.0/16",
"Gateway": "172.19.0.1"
}
]
},
"Internal": false,
"Attachable": false,
"Ingress": false,
"ConfigFrom": {
"Network": ""
},
"ConfigOnly": false,
"Containers": {},
"Options": {},
"Labels": {}
}
]
1.2.5、运行多个容器在指定的网络中
# 启动容器时明确指定容器使用哪个网路
docker run -d --network 网络名称 ......
# 容器启动之后，加入到某个网络中
docker network connect 网络名 容器id(name)使用案例：
a）先创建一个网桥名为?mynet
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker network create mynet
a06640d97d83bd41d78365061aad5f703c3bd151e096b937bae8c1b106386d81
b）启动两个容器 tomcat1 和 tomcat2 ，都指定加入到网络 mynet 中
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker run -d -p 8080:8080 --name tomcat1 --network mynet tomcat:8.0
857cf70d7f4011c54b773a0c06553a7fdddb2fed20b40abf4afe11226b7086be
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker run -d -p 8081:8080 --name tomcat2 --network mynet tomcat:8.0
5c791d42b3c7c94e6abbd746475662ad344c802ee2a615825b6cffe342b9458e
c）查看 mynet 网络细节，就可以观察到 tomcat1 和 tomcat2 已经加入到 mynet 中（获取到 ip 地址）
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker network inspect mynet
[
{
"Name": "mynet",
"Id": "a06640d97d83bd41d78365061aad5f703c3bd151e096b937bae8c1b106386d81",
"Created": "2023-12-27T14:59:26.787740091+08:00",
"Scope": "local",
"Driver": "bridge",
"EnableIPv6": false,
"IPAM": {
"Driver": "default",
"Options": {},
"Config": [
{
"Subnet": "172.20.0.0/16",
"Gateway": "172.20.0.1"
}
]
},
"Internal": false,
"Attachable": false,
"Ingress": false,
"ConfigFrom": {
"Network": ""
},
"ConfigOnly": false,
"Containers": {
"5c791d42b3c7c94e6abbd746475662ad344c802ee2a615825b6cffe342b9458e": {
"Name": "tomcat2",
"EndpointID": "ebd6142838f2d6f4f107baf4b857040eb8c70deb388c6fb381de05c942f12ce6",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:14:00:03",
"IPv4Address": "172.20.0.3/16",
"IPv6Address": ""
},
"857cf70d7f4011c54b773a0c06553a7fdddb2fed20b40abf4afe11226b7086be": {
"Name": "tomcat1",
"EndpointID": "a5c22a143cea493940e2e28a47d07c645c2d0a7cd4a19bbc84a6338cf1f472bf",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:14:00:02",
"IPv4Address": "172.20.0.2/16",
"IPv6Address": ""
}
},
"Options": {},
"Labels": {}
}
]
?
c）进入到 tomcat1 中，通过 ip 或名称的形式访问（使用名称形式访问就必须要自定义网桥）tomcat2 容器.
以 ip 的方式访问
[root@VM-8-17-centos ~]# docker exec -it tomcat1 bash
root@6d7be337323d:/usr/local/tomcat#
root@6d7be337323d:/usr/local/tomcat#
root@6d7be337323d:/usr/local/tomcat# curl http://172.20.0.3:8080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<title>Apache Tomcat/8.0.53</title>
<link href="favicon.ico" rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" />
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以容器名的方式访问
root@6d7be337323d:/usr/local/tomcat# curl http://tomcat2:8080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<title>Apache Tomcat/8.0.53</title>
<link href="favicon.ico" rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" />
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